References

Nishioka M, Hata T (2024) Cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum play an important role in the acquisition of duration memory. Eur J Neurosci 59(11):3061-3073. doi: 10.1111/ejn.16337 PMID: 38576223

Objective: To investigate duration-memory formation in the dorsal striatum.

Summary: Rats were sufficiently trained using a peak-interval 20s procedure and then infused with anti-choline acetyltransferase–saporin into the dorsal striatum to cause selective ablation of cholinergic interneurons. Lesions of the cholinergic cells show delayed memory acquisition and suggest dorsal striatum neurons play a role in new duration memory.

Usage: Each group of rats received aCSF or anti-choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)–saporin (Anti-ChAT-SAP, IT-42) at 0.5 μg/μL at 0.5 μl/min for 2 mins.

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)

Nirogi R, Jayarajan P, Benade V, Abraham R, Goyal VK (2024) Hits and misses with animal models of narcolepsy and the implications for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 19(6):755-768. doi: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2354293 PMID: 38747534

Objective: To review the usage of Orexin-B-SAP treated rats in the development of drug candidates for the treatment of narcolepsy.

Summary: Examines pharmacological agents used for the modeling of narcolepsy in animals and contrasts it with narcolepsy expression in real patients. Additionally summarizes the discovery of the orexin system in narcolepsy and how animal models aided in that discovery.

Usage: Orexin- B-saporin (IT-20) was injected into the lateral hypothalamus of rats.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Nodal FR, Leach ND, Keating P, Dahmen JC, Zhao D, King AJ, Bajo VM (2024) Neural processing in the primary auditory cortex following cholinergic lesions of the basal forebrain in ferrets. Hear Res 447:109025. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109025 PMID: 38733712

Objective: To explore whether behavioral deficits are associated with changes in the response properties of cortical neurons, neural activity was recorded in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of anesthetized ferrets in which cholinergic inputs had been reduced

Summary: Results show that while ACh is required for behavioral adaptation to altered spatial cues, it is not required for maintenance of the spectral and spatial response properties of A1

Usage: Bilateral injections of the immunotoxin ME20.4-SAP in the nucleus basalis (NB)

Related Products: ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15)

Yang Q, Liu L, He F, Zhao W, Chen Z, Wu X, Rao B, Lin X, Mao F, Qu J, Zhang J (2024) Retinal ganglion cell type-specific expression of synuclein family members revealed by scRNA-sequencing. Int J Med Sci 21(8):1472-1490. doi: 10.7150/ijms.95598 PMID: 38903914

Objective: To analyze the single-cell transcriptome in healthy and injured retinas to investigate their expression patterns and roles.

Summary: The study revealed that Snca expression varies across RGC subtypes, while Sncb and Sncg are uniformly expressed. Following traumatic axonal injury, Snca, Sncb, and Sncg levels decreased. The proportions of α-Syn-positive RGCs and ipRGCs remained unchanged, with notable changes in Ptn-Ncl and NCAM signaling pathways preceding cell death.

Usage: Immunofluorescence staining (AB-N39) (1:3000).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)

Loften A (2024) Cholinergic modulation of dopamine-related effects of ethanol in the rat. Univ Gothenburg Thesis.

Objective: To explore the role of acetylcholine and cholinergic interneurons (CIN) in ethanol-induced dopamine (DA) release and in the reinforcing effects of ethanol.

Summary: The author’s thesis supports an important role of accumbal CIN in ethanol ́s DA releasing and reinforcing effects, opening up for new potential pharmacological targetsfor treatments of alcohol use disorder.

Usage: in vivo rat model with depletion of accumbal CIN was developed utilizing anti-choline acetyltransferase-saporin (IT-42)

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)

Fu E, Li Z (2024) Extracellular vesicles: A new frontier in the theranostics of cardiovascular diseases. iRadiology 2(3):240-259. doi: 10.1002/ird3.77

Objective: To delve into the evolving landscape of extracellular vesicles (EVs), uncovering their diagnostic and therapeutic prospects and emphasizing their growing importance in shaping the future of cardiovascular theranostics

Summary: The ability of EVs to act as conduits of molecular information, orchestrate cellular responses, and influence the behaviors of recipient cells will allow precision interventions in cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment. The continuous refinement of biomaterial‐based strategies and innovative delivery methods will improve the precision and efficacy of EV interventions, establishing a solid foundation for their experimental application. Enhanced cellular uptake and cytosolic release of exosomes has been achieved by combining a pH‐sensitive fusogenic peptide and cationic lipids. This method facilitates the efficient delivery of encapsulated molecules, including 70kD adextran and the ribosome‐inactivating protein named saporin.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• NakaseI, FutakiS. Combined treatment with a pH‐sensitive fusogenic peptide and cationic lipids achieves enhanced cytosolic delivery of exosomes. SciRep.2015;5(1):10112. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10112

Lewis R, Smith C, Nichols N (2024) Spinal TNF-α receptor expression in a rodent model of respiratory motor neuron death. Am Physiol Summit 39(S1) doi: 10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.1401

Objective: To create a model from respiratory deficit and study the role of inflammation in phrenic long-term facilitation.

Summary: Some neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by deficits in respiratory neurons, which can be modeled in rodents through the ablation of C4 TNFR1 expressing neurons. Phrenic long-term facilitation induced by acute intermittent hypoxia is observed in the model and at different times following the ablation to elucidate mechanisms of plasticity at different points of breathing deficits.

Usage: Intrapleural injection of CTB-SAP (25 ug, IT-14) in rats.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Toledo C, Del Rio R (2024) Cardiorespiratory disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease: A focus on the contribution of sympathetic premotor neurons. Am Physiol Summit 39(S1) doi: 10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.2540

Objective: To characterize cardiorespiratory function in AD patients and then to determine the role of RVLM-C1 neurons in autonomic and sleep-disordered breathing in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, and experimental model showing AD-like pathology.

Summary: Results show that RVLM-C1 neurons play a main role in the development/maintenance of cardiorespiratory disorders in experimental AD.

Usage: Bilateral stereotaxic injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (IT-03) into the RVLM were used to selectively destroy C1 neurons.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Keilholz A, Osman K, Smith C, Streeter K, Ozden I, Lever T, Nichols N (2024) Tongue exercise-induced plasticity in upper airway EMG activity in a model of hypoglossal motor neuron loss. Am Physiol Summit 39(S1) doi: 10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.1405

Objective: To study the impact of XII LMN degeneration and develop therapies to improve swallowing and breathing function/coordination.

Summary: The authors developed a novel rodent model of XII LMN loss using intralingual injections of CTB-SAP. Tongue exercise appears to enhance XII axis plasticity to improve upper airway function and coordination.

Usage: Intralingual injection of CTB-SAP (IT-14)

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Janes T, Cardani S, Pagliardini S (2024) The progestinic drug, etonogestrel, rescues breathing in a rodent model of central chemoreflex impairment. Am Physiol Summit 39(S1) doi: 10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.978

Objective: Assessing the efficacy of etonogestrel as a treatment to congenital hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS).

Summary: Etonogestrel can stimulate breathing and CO2-chemoreflexes and could be used to treat congenital hypoventilation syndrome. A model of CCHS was created in rats through the ablation of retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons with substance-P saporin. In this CCHS model-rat Etonogestrel was assessed for its ability to return breathing back to normal and for its mechanism of action.

Usage: Rats were lesioned with SSP-SAP [IT-11] targeting the retrotrapezoid nucelus (R.V.N.) neurons.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)