References

Ketabforoush A, Wang M, Smith C, Arnold WD, Nichols N (2024) Longitudinal assessment of outcome measures of diaphragm motor unit connectivity as biomarkers of phrenic motor unit degeneration and compensation. Am Physiol Summit 39(S1) doi: 10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.1402

Objective: Using CTB-SAP to lesion motor neurons and measuring motor neuron connectivity and cell death, as a model for phrenic motor neuron degeneration.

Summary: Processes such as injury or aging can affect motor neurons and cause degeneration. CTB-SAP is used to mimic this phenomenon and is used to cause motor degeneration in the diaphram of rats. The motor neurons and motor units have plasticity and the ability to compensate for this damage and the authors seek to use the created rat model to measure this motor unit connectivity.

Usage: Rats received bilateral intrapleural injections of 25 μg of CTB-SAP (IT-14) as well as 25 more μg of free CTB. Control mice received 25 μg of free saporin and 25 μg of CTB.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Stockdale JN (2024) Pollen-specific expression of ecori restriction endonuclease for bioconfinement in panicum virgatum l. Univ Tennessee Thesis.

Objective: In this study, pollen-specific promoters controlling the expression of the EcoRI endonuclease, interrupted by a catalase intron, were evaluated for efficacy to produce sterile pollen.

Summary: The TaPSG719, PvPS1, Osg6B, OsRTS, and Zm13 promoters were assessed for pollen-specific expression patterns, none of which have previously been characterized in switchgrass. The effectiveness of pollen-targeted EcoRI expression to produce sterile pollen was not determined. However, this study identified the Zm13 and PvPS1 promoters as strong candidates for male-specific gene expression and provided valuable insights for the design and production of genetically engineered switchgrass

Usage: In the Genesafe prototype system, saporin was used as a sterility gene to inhibit protein synthesis and cause seed sterility when expressed in plant cells. The system relied on hybridizing two parent plants (P1 and P2), with saporin expression controlled by a late embryo-specific promoter (LEA4A or LEA14 from cotton) and repressed by a blocker sequence. After hybridization, a stimulus would trigger Cre/loxP recombinase to excise the blocker, enabling saporin expression in the next generation. However, in tobacco trials, seed sterility was not achieved due to inefficient promoter activity and low saporin production.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Kniffin A, Bangasser DA, Parikh V (2024) Septohippocampal cholinergic system at the intersection of stress and cognition: Current trends and translational implications. Eur J Neurosci 59(9):2155-2180. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15999 PMID: 37118907

Objective: Review current research highlighting the contributions of cholinergic septohippocampal pathway (SHP) in modulating memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval.

Summary: Authors presented evidence generated from empirical research and computational modeling approaches that suggest cholinergic SHP modulate distinct components of episodic memory. Specifically, higher levels of septohippocampal ACh and downstream activation of specific subtypes of mAChRs/nAChRs in local circuits of hippocampal networks reduce interference and enhance encoding, while lower cholinergic signaling facilitate memory consolidation by gating information to the neocortex.

Usage: Rats with cholinergic deficit in the SHP pathway were induced by injection with 192-IgG-SAP (IT-01).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Baxter MG et al. Intact spatial learning following lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. NeuroReport 7:1417-1420, 1996.
• Baxter MG et al. Intact spatial learning in both young and aged rats following selective removal of hippocampal cholinergic input. Behav Neurosci 110:460-467, 1996.
• Bizon JL et al. Effects of hippocampal cholinergic deafferentation on learning strategy selection in a visible platform version of the water maze. Hippocampus 13(6):676-684, 2003.
• Frick KM et al. Effects of complete immunotoxin lesions of the cholinergic basal forebrain on fear conditioning and spatial learning. Hippocampus 14:244-254, 2004.

Ogata J, Shimada Y, Ohashi T, Kobayashi H (2024) Usefulness of antibody-drug conjugate as preconditioning for hematopoietic stem cell-targeted gene therapy in wild-type and Fabry disease mouse models. Mol Genet Metab 142(3):108494. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108494 PMID: 38820907

Objective: To develop a saporin/antibody-based conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell-targeted gene therapy for use in models of Fabry Disease.

Summary: Fabry disease is characterized by deficient activity of α-galactosidase A (GLA). Consequently, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) accumulates in various organs causing damage. Fabry Disease is treatable with hematopoietic stem cell therapy which requires strong conditioning, but that can often be associated with side effects. CD45-SAP is investigated as a conditioning agent for these stem cells.

Usage: CD45-SAP was used in hematopoietic stem cells in a mice model of Fabry Disease.

Bohl JM, Hassan AR, Sharpe ZJ, Kola M, Ayub M, Pandey Y, Shehu A, Ichinose T (2024) Melanopsin ganglion cells in the mouse retina independently evoke pupillary light reflex. bioRxiv 2024.05.14.594181. doi: 10.1101/2024.05.14.594181

Objective: To examine the role of rod and cone photoreceptors in pupillary light reflex (PLR) by acutely ablating photoreceptors.

Summary: Results demonstrate that ipRGCs are the major contributor to the PLR induced by high light.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry (AB-N39) (1:5000).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)

Contreras E, Liang C, Mahoney HL, Javier JL, Luce ML, Labastida Medina K, Bozza T, Schmidt TM (2024) Flp-recombinase mouse line for genetic manipulation of ipRGCs. bioRxiv 2024.05.06.592761. doi: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592761 PMID: 38766000

Objective: To report the generation and characterization of a new mouse line (Opn4FlpO), in which FlpO is expressed from the Opn4 locus, to manipulate the melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.

Summary: The Opn4FlpO mouse line drives Flp-recombinase expression specifically within ipRGCs, with robust recombination in M1-M3 ipRGC subtypes. This model is a valuable tool for investigating these retinal cells’ physiological and behavioral roles.

Usage: Retinal histology (1:2000 dilution) (AB-N38).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)

Meng XT, Song SY, Li Y, Peng S, Zhang LC (2024) Activation of alpha 2 adrenergic receptor of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus alleviates acute incision pain behavior in rats. Research Square doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4258857/v1

Objective: To study the effects of Dexmedetomidine (DEX) on pain modulation.

Summary: Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist with sedative, analgesic, and anti-anxiety effects. DEX was analyzed for its effects using a pain neuron knockout model of rats created by ablation of cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons in the lateral ventricles of rats. DEX inhibited the pain behavior of rats in a dose-dependent manner, and the analgesic effect of DEX was significantly attenuated in CSF-contacting nucleus “knockout” rats.

Usage: CTB-SAP [IT-14] (0.5 µg in 3 µL) was injected into the lateral ventricles (L.V.) of rats over 10 minutes.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Shivakumar AB, Mehak SF, Jijimon F, Gangadharan G (2024) Extra-hippocampal contributions to social memory: The role of septal nuclei. Biol Psychiatry 6:835-847. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.04.018 PMID: 38718881

Objective: Review neural circuit mechanisms that underlie social memory, with a special emphasis on the septum.

Summary: Understanding the complexities of the septohippocampal axis will allow targeted therapies to be developed to improve social memory deficits and enhance overall cognitive function.

Usage: Medial septum lesions in rats with 192-IgG-SAP (IT-01).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Vale-Martinez A et al. Selective lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons produce anterograde and retrograde deficits in a social transmission of food preference task in rats. Eur J Neurosci 16(6):983-998, 2002.
• Berger-Sweeney J, Stearns NA, Frick KM, Beard B, Baxter MG (2000) Cholinergic basal forebrain is critical for social transmission of food preferences. Hippocampus 10(6):729-738. doi: 10.1002/1098-1063(2000)10:6<729::AID-HIPO1010>3.0.CO;2-M PMID: 11153718

Boucher A (2024) Unveiling cholera toxin binding and intoxication using enteroids and site-specific mutants. Univ Gothenburg Thesis.

Objective: To investigate the binding site requirements of cholera toxin in the human body.

Summary: The cause of cholera symptoms is cholera toxin secreted by bacteria once in the small intestine. Cholera toxin has multiple binding sites that lead to many different intake mechanisms. By identifying the binding sites responsible, the study seeks to lay the groundwork for better means of treatment.

Usage: Leukocytes were treated with biotinylated Cholera toxin B binding-deficient mutants mixed with Streptavidin-SAP (IT-27) and assessed for cell death.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14), Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27), Recombinant Cholera Toxin B (Cat. #PR-14)

Pandala N, Han I, Meyering E, Stone EM, Mullins RF, Tucker BA (2024) iPSC derived choroidal endothelial cell delivery using laminin-based hydrogels for the treatment of AMD. ARVO Annual Meeting 65(7):1542.

Objective: To demonstrate an interventional therapy for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using a rat model.

Summary: In this study, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were injected into the eyes of rats that had undergone Anti-CD105-SAP-induced choroidal cell death, mimicking the pathology of AMD. The efficacy of the iPSC treatment was evaluated by comparing donor cell survival, retention, and integration in treated eyes versus controls that did not receive iPSCs.

Usage: Anti-CD105-SAP (IT-80) was administered via supra-choroidal injection at a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml to selectively induce choroidal endothelial cell death.

Related Products: Anti-CD105-SAP (Cat. #IT-80)