References

Leanza G, Zorec R (2023) Towards astroglia-based noradrenergic hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Function (Oxf) 4(1):zqac060., IT. doi: 10.1093/function/zqac060 PMID: 36590326

Summary: These results indicate a prominent role of NA-neurons vs. ACh neurons in impairments of working memory, relevant for AD, and are consistent with an astrocyte-specific metabolic impairment in a mouse model of intellectual disability.

Usage: Bilateral icv injection of 192-IgG-SAP and/or Anti-DBH-SAP

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Kim S, Shukla RK, Yu H, Baek A, Cressman SG, Golconda S, Lee GE, Choi H, Reneau JC, Wang Z, Huang CA, Liyanage NPM, Kim S (2022) CD3e-immunotoxin spares CD62Llo Tregs and reshapes organ-specific T-cell composition by preferentially depleting CD3ehi T cells. Front Immunol 13:1011190. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011190

Objective: To use a new murine testing model to demonstrate a substantial enrichment of tissue-resident Foxp3+ Tregs following CD3e-IT treatment.

Summary: The multi-organ pharmacodynamics of CD3e-IT and potential treatment resistance mechanisms identified in this study may generate new opportunities to further improve this promising treatment.

Usage: Male C57BL/6J mice were injected into retro-orbital sinus with 15 μg S-CD3e-IT (Biotinylated Anti-CD3 mixed with Streptavidin-ZAP in sterile 200 μl PBS twice a day for four consecutive days.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Brock O, Gelegen CE, Sully P, Salgarella I, Jager P, Menage L, Mehta I, Jęczmień-Łazur J, Djama D, Strother L, Coculla A, Vernon A, Brickley S, Holland P, Cooke S, Delogu A (2022) A role for thalamic projection GABAergic neurons in circadian responses to light. J Neurosci doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0112-21.2022 PMID: 36280260

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38), Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)

Bochi APG, Ferreira GDS, Del Bianco V, Pinto PR, Rodrigues LG, Trevisani MDS, Furukawa LNS, Bispo KCS, da Silva AA, Velosa APP, Nakandakare ER, Machado UF, Teodoro WPR, Passarelli M, Catanozi S (2022) Aerobic exercise training reduces atherogenesis induced by low-sodium diet in LDL receptor knockout mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 11(10):2023. doi: 10.3390/antiox11102023

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of aerobic exercise training (AET) in the prevention of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (IR), and atherogenesis induced by severe low-sodium (LS) diet.

Summary: AET counteracts the deleterious effects of chronic LS diet in atherogenesis by reducing peripheral insulin resistance, lipid infiltration, carboxymethyllysine, receptor for advanced glycation end products, 4-HNE, and AT1 receptor in the intima-media of the brachiocephalic trunk in LDL receptor knockout mice.

Usage: IF staining (1:50)

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)

Yang R, Gao Y, Li H, Huang W, Tu D, Yang M, Liu X, Hong JS, Gao HM (2022) Posttranslational S-nitrosylation modification regulates HMGB1 secretion and promotes its proinflammatory and neurodegenerative effects. Cell Rep 40(11):111330. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111330

Objective: To demonstrate that S-nitrosylation (SNO) is essential and sufficient for inflammation-elicited HMGB1 secretion.

Summary: Results indicate crucial roles for SNO modification in HMGB1 secretion and HMGB1-Mac1 interaction for inflammatory neurodegeneration, identifying a mechanistic basis for Parkinson’s Disease development.

Usage: Confocal double-label immunofluorescence (1:1000)

Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)

Lee W, Song G, Bae H (2022) Laminarin attenuates ros-mediated cell migration and invasiveness through mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic cancer cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 11(9):1714. doi: 10.3390/antiox11091714

Objective: To determine the effects of laminarin on pancreatic cancer.

Summary: Laminarin showed synergistic effects when combined with 5-FU, a standard anticancer agent for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with potential as a treatment for PDAC.

Usage: Lund et al. work on 5-FU resistant EMT-like pancreatic cancer cells are hypersensitive to photochemical internalization of the novel endoglin-targeting immunotoxin Anti-CD105-SAP.

Related Products: Anti-CD105-SAP (Cat. #IT-80)

See Also:

• Lund K et al. 5-FU resistant EMT-like pancreatic cancer cells are hypersensitive to photochemical internalization of the novel endoglin-targeting immunotoxin CD105-saporin. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 36(1):185, 2017.

Madrid LI, Bandhavkar S, Hafey K, Jimenez-Martin J, Milne M, Coulson EJ, Jhaveri DJ (2022) Stimulation of the muscarinic receptor M4 activates quiescent neural precursor cells and ameliorates medial septum cholinergic lesion-induced impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. bioRxiv 2022.08.25.505357. doi: 10.1101/2022.08.25.505357

Objective: To investigate the contribution of basal forebrain medial septum (MS) and diagonal band of Broca (DBB) cholinergic neurons that innervate the hippocampus and the identity of the cholinergic receptor(s) that regulate the production and maturation of new neurons.

Summary: This work reveals stage-specific roles of cholinergic signaling in regulating functionally relevant adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Usage: Medial septum cholinergic lesion was achieved by infusion of mu p75-SAP (0.4 µg/µl). Rabbit IgG-SAP (0.4 µg/µl) was used as control.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Imado E, Sun S, Abawa AR, Tahara T, Kochi T, Huynh TNB, Asano S, Hasebe S, Nakamura Y, Hisaoka-Nakashima K, Kotake Y, Irifune M, Tsuga K, Takuma K, Morioka N, Kiguchi N, Ago Y (2022) Prenatal exposure to valproic acid causes allodynia associated with spinal microglial activation. Neurochem Int 160:105415. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105415

Objective: To further understand the mechanism underlying sensory phenotypes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Summary: The authors investigated the age-dependent tactile sensitivity in an animal model of ASD induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid and subsequently assessed the involvement of microglia in the spinal cord in pain processing.

Usage: To deplete microglia in the spinal cord, Mac-1-SAP (11.2 μg/5.5 μl) was injected intrathecally at the level of L4–L5 in adult (8-week-old) mice.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

Cleverdon REG, Braun JL, Geromella MS, Whitley KC, Marko DM, Hamstra SI, Roy BD, MacPherson REK, Fajardo VA (2022) Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase function is impaired in skeletal and cardiac muscles from young DBA/2J mdx mice. iScience 25(9):104972. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104972 PMID: 36093052

Objective: To investigate whether sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) function would differ in muscles from young D2 and C57 mdx mice.

Summary: The study demonstrates that SERCA function is drastically impaired in young D2 mdx mice.

Usage: Western blot

Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)

Cao S, Wang Z, Xing L, Zhou L, Zhang W (2022) Bovine bone gelatin-derived peptides: Food processing characteristics and evaluation of antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic activities. J Agric Food Chem 70(32):9877-9887. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02982

Objective: To evaluate the food processing properties of bovine bone gelatin-derived peptides (BGPs) and their effects and mechanisms on hypertension and hypertension complications in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Summary: BGPs could alleviate hypertension and dyslipidemia in SHRs by inhibiting ACE/Ang II/AT1R and activating the Ang II/AT2R signaling pathway.

Usage: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)

Goodyer WR, Beyersdorf BM, Duan L, van den Berg NS, Mantri S, Galdos FX, Puluca N, Buikema JW, Lee S, Salmi D, Robinson ER, Rogalla S, Cogan DP, Khosla C, Rosenthal EL, Wu SM (2022) In vivo visualization and molecular targeting of the cardiac conduction system. J Clin Invest e156955. doi: 10.1172/jci156955

Objective: To engineer targeted antibody conjugates directed against the cardiac conduction system (CCS) to allow visualization of the CCS in vivo.

Summary: Accidental injury to the CCS, a specialized set of cells embedded within the heart and indistinguishable from the surrounding heart muscle tissue, is a major complication in cardiac surgeries. They generated a fully human monoclonal Fab (hCNTN2) that targets the CCS with high specificity.

Usage: Streptavidin-ZAP was reacted with biotinylated hCNTN2 Fab to create hCNTN2-SAP. 100 ug of either hCNTN2-SAP and control-SAP were injected into wild-type mice with a single tail-vein injection and hearts were harvested after 2 days.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Orciani C, Hall H, Pentz R, Foret MK, Do Carmo S, Cuello AC (2022) Long-term nucleus basalis cholinergic depletion induces attentional deficits and impacts cortical neurons and BDNF levels without affecting the NGF synthesis. J Neurochem doi: 10.1111/jnc.15683

Objective: To determine whether reciprocal interaction of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) impact neurotrophin availability and affect cortical neuronal markers.

Summary: There is a neuroprotective role of cholinergic neurotransmission in the adult, fully-differentiated cortex.

Usage: Immunolesioned BFCN projecting mainly to the cortex with 192-IgG-SAP (bilateral 0.5 ug/ul; 1.0 ul/hemisphere) in 2.5 month-old Wistar rats.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Eccardt AM, Pelzel RJ, Bell TP, Fisher JS (2022) Stimulation of Akt phosphorylation and glucose transport by metalloporphyrins with peroxynitrite decomposition catalytic activity. Catalysts 12(8):849. doi: 10.3390/catal12080849

Objective: To determine whether a catalytic action of iron porphyrin compounds would be related to their stimulation of insulin signaling and glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes.

Summary: Findings suggest that iron porphyrin compounds with both peroxynitrite decomposition activity and peroxidase activity can stimulate insulin signaling and glucose transport in skeletal muscle cells.

Usage: Western blot

Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)

Negueruela S, Morenilla C, Herrera M, Coca Y, Florez-Paz D, López-Cascales MT, Gomis A, Herrera E (2022) Perinatal correlated retinal activity is required for the wiring of visual axons in non-image forming nuclei. bioRxiv 2022.07.27.501692. doi: 10.1101/2022.07.27.501692

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)

Akmese C, Sevinc C, Halim S, Unal G (2022) Differential role of GABAergic and cholinergic ventral pallidal neurons in behavioral despair, conditioned fear memory and active coping. bioRxiv 2022.07.21.500949. doi: 10.1101/2022.07.21.500949

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)

Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC (2022) A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness. Front Neurosci 16:930514. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514

Objective: This review article attempts to summarize research that has investigated the neurons necessary for wakefulness.

Summary: The authors summarize animal experiments and research performed in different brain regions to further understand wakefulness. Several saporin conjugates are discussed.

Usage: Lesions of the basal forebrain were done by injecting a 0.1% solution of either 192-IgG-SAP or Orexin-SAP at four different sites (Fuller et al. and Geraschenko et al.); Intraventricular injection of Anti-DBH-SAP (Gompf et al.); Bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Kaur et al.).

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

See Also:

• Fuller P et al. Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 519(5):933-956, 2011.
• Gerashchenko D et al. Insomnia following hypocretin2-saporin lesions of the substantia nigra. Neuroscience 137(1):29-36, 2006.
• Gompf HS et al. Locus ceruleus and anterior cingulate cortex sustain wakefulness in a novel environment. J Neurosci 30(43):14543-14551, 2010.
• Kaur S et al. Effects of ibotenate and 192IgG-saporin lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis/substantia innominata on spontaneous sleep and wake states and on recovery sleep after sleep deprivation in rats. J Neurosci 28:491-504, 2008.

Ryan Y, Harrison A, Trivett H, Hartley C, David J, Clark GC, Hiscox JA (2022) RIPpore: A novel host-derived method for the identification of ricin intoxication through oxford nanopore direct RNA sequencing. Toxins (Basel) 14(7):470. doi: 10.3390/toxins14070470

Objective: The Depurination event could be detected using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) direct RNA sequencing, detecting a change in charge in the ricin loop.

Summary: Collectively, this work highlights the potential for ONT and direct RNA sequencing to detect and quantify depurination events caused by ribosome-inactivating proteins such as ricin.

Usage: Saporin was added as described by Rust et al., at 100 nM [22] for 24 h.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Rust A et al. Two complementary approaches for intracellular delivery of exogenous enzymes. Sci Rep 5:12444, 2015.

Van Hentenryck M, Li Z, Murphy PM, Czechowicz A (2022) Antibody-based preparative regimens for cell, tissue and organ transplantation. (eds. 162). OBM Transplantation 6(3):162. doi: 10.21926/obm.transplant.2203162

Objective: Provide a review of progress in the use of antibodies to support cell and tissue transplantation with a particular focus on induction of donor-specific tolerance for solid organ transplantation.

Summary: Antibody-based conditioning to prepare the recipient is a promising approach towards achieving transplant tolerance in both hematopoietic and solid organ transplant settings.

Usage: To enhance HSC depletion while avoiding bystander toxicity (neutropenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia) caused by CD45-radioimmunotherapy, Palchaudhuri et al. developed a saporin-based CD45 (CD45-SAP) immunotoxin using a biotinylated antibody and Streptavidin-ZAP.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

See Also:

• Palchaudhuri R Featured Article: Targeted depletion of hematopoietic stem cells promises safer transplantation. Targeting Trends 17(3), 2016.
• Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.

Gao X, Zhang S, Gou J, Wen Y, Fan L, Zhou J, Zhou G, Xu G, Zhang Z (2022) Spike-mediated ACE2 down-regulation was involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Infect 85(4):418-427. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.06.030

Objective: To determine the role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, is also an important regulator of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) homeostasis, which plays an unsettled role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.

Summary: The downregulation of ACE2 potentially links COVID-19 to the imbalance of RAS.

Usage: Western blot

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)

Maki Y, Kawata K, Liu Y, Goo KY, Okamoto R, Kajihara Y, Satoh A (2022) Design and synthesis of glycosylated cholera toxin b subunit as a tracer of glycoprotein trafficking in organelles of living cells. Chemistry 28(37):e202201253. doi: 10.1002/chem.202201253 PMID: 35604098

Related Products: Cholera Toxin B, Recombinant (Cat. #PR-14)