References

Yang R, Gao Y, Li H, Huang W, Tu D, Yang M, Liu X, Hong JS, Gao HM (2022) Posttranslational S-nitrosylation modification regulates HMGB1 secretion and promotes its proinflammatory and neurodegenerative effects. Cell Rep 40(11):111330. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111330

Objective: To demonstrate that S-nitrosylation (SNO) is essential and sufficient for inflammation-elicited HMGB1 secretion.

Summary: Results indicate crucial roles for SNO modification in HMGB1 secretion and HMGB1-Mac1 interaction for inflammatory neurodegeneration, identifying a mechanistic basis for Parkinson’s Disease development.

Usage: Confocal double-label immunofluorescence (1:1000)

Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)

Lee W, Song G, Bae H (2022) Laminarin attenuates ros-mediated cell migration and invasiveness through mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic cancer cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 11(9):1714. doi: 10.3390/antiox11091714

Objective: To determine the effects of laminarin on pancreatic cancer.

Summary: Laminarin showed synergistic effects when combined with 5-FU, a standard anticancer agent for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with potential as a treatment for PDAC.

Usage: Lund et al. work on 5-FU resistant EMT-like pancreatic cancer cells are hypersensitive to photochemical internalization of the novel endoglin-targeting immunotoxin Anti-CD105-SAP.

Related Products: Anti-CD105-SAP (Cat. #IT-80)

See Also:

• Lund K et al. 5-FU resistant EMT-like pancreatic cancer cells are hypersensitive to photochemical internalization of the novel endoglin-targeting immunotoxin CD105-saporin. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 36(1):185, 2017.

Madrid LI, Bandhavkar S, Hafey K, Jimenez-Martin J, Milne M, Coulson EJ, Jhaveri DJ (2022) Stimulation of the muscarinic receptor M4 activates quiescent neural precursor cells and ameliorates medial septum cholinergic lesion-induced impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. bioRxiv 2022.08.25.505357. doi: 10.1101/2022.08.25.505357

Objective: To investigate the contribution of basal forebrain medial septum (MS) and diagonal band of Broca (DBB) cholinergic neurons that innervate the hippocampus and the identity of the cholinergic receptor(s) that regulate the production and maturation of new neurons.

Summary: This work reveals stage-specific roles of cholinergic signaling in regulating functionally relevant adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Usage: Medial septum cholinergic lesion was achieved by infusion of mu p75-SAP (0.4 µg/µl). Rabbit IgG-SAP (0.4 µg/µl) was used as control.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Imado E, Sun S, Abawa AR, Tahara T, Kochi T, Huynh TNB, Asano S, Hasebe S, Nakamura Y, Hisaoka-Nakashima K, Kotake Y, Irifune M, Tsuga K, Takuma K, Morioka N, Kiguchi N, Ago Y (2022) Prenatal exposure to valproic acid causes allodynia associated with spinal microglial activation. Neurochem Int 160:105415. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105415

Objective: To further understand the mechanism underlying sensory phenotypes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Summary: The authors investigated the age-dependent tactile sensitivity in an animal model of ASD induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid and subsequently assessed the involvement of microglia in the spinal cord in pain processing.

Usage: To deplete microglia in the spinal cord, Mac-1-SAP (11.2 μg/5.5 μl) was injected intrathecally at the level of L4–L5 in adult (8-week-old) mice.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

Cao S, Wang Z, Xing L, Zhou L, Zhang W (2022) Bovine bone gelatin-derived peptides: Food processing characteristics and evaluation of antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic activities. J Agric Food Chem 70(32):9877-9887. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02982

Objective: To evaluate the food processing properties of bovine bone gelatin-derived peptides (BGPs) and their effects and mechanisms on hypertension and hypertension complications in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Summary: BGPs could alleviate hypertension and dyslipidemia in SHRs by inhibiting ACE/Ang II/AT1R and activating the Ang II/AT2R signaling pathway.

Usage: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)

Goodyer WR, Beyersdorf BM, Duan L, van den Berg NS, Mantri S, Galdos FX, Puluca N, Buikema JW, Lee S, Salmi D, Robinson ER, Rogalla S, Cogan DP, Khosla C, Rosenthal EL, Wu SM (2022) In vivo visualization and molecular targeting of the cardiac conduction system. J Clin Invest e156955. doi: 10.1172/jci156955

Objective: To engineer targeted antibody conjugates directed against the cardiac conduction system (CCS) to allow visualization of the CCS in vivo.

Summary: Accidental injury to the CCS, a specialized set of cells embedded within the heart and indistinguishable from the surrounding heart muscle tissue, is a major complication in cardiac surgeries. They generated a fully human monoclonal Fab (hCNTN2) that targets the CCS with high specificity.

Usage: Streptavidin-ZAP was reacted with biotinylated hCNTN2 Fab to create hCNTN2-SAP. 100 ug of either hCNTN2-SAP and control-SAP were injected into wild-type mice with a single tail-vein injection and hearts were harvested after 2 days.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Orciani C, Hall H, Pentz R, Foret MK, Do Carmo S, Cuello AC (2022) Long-term nucleus basalis cholinergic depletion induces attentional deficits and impacts cortical neurons and BDNF levels without affecting the NGF synthesis. J Neurochem doi: 10.1111/jnc.15683

Objective: To determine whether reciprocal interaction of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) impact neurotrophin availability and affect cortical neuronal markers.

Summary: There is a neuroprotective role of cholinergic neurotransmission in the adult, fully-differentiated cortex.

Usage: Immunolesioned BFCN projecting mainly to the cortex with 192-IgG-SAP (bilateral 0.5 ug/ul; 1.0 ul/hemisphere) in 2.5 month-old Wistar rats.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Eccardt AM, Pelzel RJ, Bell TP, Fisher JS (2022) Stimulation of Akt phosphorylation and glucose transport by metalloporphyrins with peroxynitrite decomposition catalytic activity. Catalysts 12(8):849. doi: 10.3390/catal12080849

Objective: To determine whether a catalytic action of iron porphyrin compounds would be related to their stimulation of insulin signaling and glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes.

Summary: Findings suggest that iron porphyrin compounds with both peroxynitrite decomposition activity and peroxidase activity can stimulate insulin signaling and glucose transport in skeletal muscle cells.

Usage: Western blot

Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)

Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC (2022) A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness. Front Neurosci 16:930514. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514

Objective: This review article attempts to summarize research that has investigated the neurons necessary for wakefulness.

Summary: The authors summarize animal experiments and research performed in different brain regions to further understand wakefulness. Several saporin conjugates are discussed.

Usage: Lesions of the basal forebrain were done by injecting a 0.1% solution of either 192-IgG-SAP or Orexin-SAP at four different sites (Fuller et al. and Geraschenko et al.); Intraventricular injection of Anti-DBH-SAP (Gompf et al.); Bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Kaur et al.).

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

See Also:

• Fuller P et al. Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 519(5):933-956, 2011.
• Gerashchenko D et al. Insomnia following hypocretin2-saporin lesions of the substantia nigra. Neuroscience 137(1):29-36, 2006.
• Gompf HS et al. Locus ceruleus and anterior cingulate cortex sustain wakefulness in a novel environment. J Neurosci 30(43):14543-14551, 2010.
• Kaur S et al. Effects of ibotenate and 192IgG-saporin lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis/substantia innominata on spontaneous sleep and wake states and on recovery sleep after sleep deprivation in rats. J Neurosci 28:491-504, 2008.

Ryan Y, Harrison A, Trivett H, Hartley C, David J, Clark GC, Hiscox JA (2022) RIPpore: A novel host-derived method for the identification of ricin intoxication through oxford nanopore direct RNA sequencing. Toxins (Basel) 14(7):470. doi: 10.3390/toxins14070470

Objective: The Depurination event could be detected using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) direct RNA sequencing, detecting a change in charge in the ricin loop.

Summary: Collectively, this work highlights the potential for ONT and direct RNA sequencing to detect and quantify depurination events caused by ribosome-inactivating proteins such as ricin.

Usage: Saporin was added as described by Rust et al., at 100 nM [22] for 24 h.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Rust A et al. Two complementary approaches for intracellular delivery of exogenous enzymes. Sci Rep 5:12444, 2015.

Van Hentenryck M, Li Z, Murphy PM, Czechowicz A (2022) Antibody-based preparative regimens for cell, tissue and organ transplantation. (eds. 162). OBM Transplantation 6(3):162. doi: 10.21926/obm.transplant.2203162

Objective: Provide a review of progress in the use of antibodies to support cell and tissue transplantation with a particular focus on induction of donor-specific tolerance for solid organ transplantation.

Summary: Antibody-based conditioning to prepare the recipient is a promising approach towards achieving transplant tolerance in both hematopoietic and solid organ transplant settings.

Usage: To enhance HSC depletion while avoiding bystander toxicity (neutropenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia) caused by CD45-radioimmunotherapy, Palchaudhuri et al. developed a saporin-based CD45 (CD45-SAP) immunotoxin using a biotinylated antibody and Streptavidin-ZAP.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

See Also:

• Palchaudhuri R Featured Article: Targeted depletion of hematopoietic stem cells promises safer transplantation. Targeting Trends 17(3), 2016.
• Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.

Gao X, Zhang S, Gou J, Wen Y, Fan L, Zhou J, Zhou G, Xu G, Zhang Z (2022) Spike-mediated ACE2 down-regulation was involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Infect 85(4):418-427. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.06.030

Objective: To determine the role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, is also an important regulator of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) homeostasis, which plays an unsettled role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.

Summary: The downregulation of ACE2 potentially links COVID-19 to the imbalance of RAS.

Usage: Western blot

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)

Kim S, Shukla RK, Kim E, Cressman SG, Yu H, Baek A, Choi H, Kim A, Sharma A, Wang Z, Huang CA, Reneau JC, Boyaka PN, Liyanage NPM, Kim S (2022) Comparison of CD3e antibody and CD3e-sZAP immunotoxin treatment in mice identifies szap as the main driver of vascular leakage. Biomedicines 10(6):1221. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10061221

Objective: Investigate and identify the toxicity profiles of a CD3e-mAb and an immunotoxin of this CD3e antibody conjugated to saporin via a biotin-streptavidin bond, S-CD3e-IT.

Summary: The two agents had opposite effects on T cells, with the antibody alone able to modulate CD3e on the cell surface while the S-CD3e-IT caused depletion of the cell. The immunotoxin increased the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the tissue parenchyma of the spleen and lungs, a sign of vascular permeability while the antibody alone showed no signs of vascular leakage.

Usage: S-CD3e-IT was prepared by reacting biotinylated CD3e antibody with Streptavidin-ZAP in a 1:1 molar ratio. C57BL/6J mice received 25 μg of S-CD3e-IT in sterile 200 μL PBS, twice a day via retro-orbital injection for four days.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Griffin JM, Healy FM, Dahal LN, Floisand Y, Woolley JF (2022) Worked to the bone: antibody-based conditioning as the future of transplant biology. J Hematol Oncol 15(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s13045-022-01284-6

Objective: To analyze the current status of antibody-based drugs in pre-transplant conditioning regimens and assess their potential in the future of transplant biology.

Summary: This review article suggests that antibody-based conditioning regimens may be the next big advancement in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Related Products: Anti-CD117-SAP (Cat. #IT-83)

See Also:

• Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.
• Castiello MC et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-CD45-saporin as conditioning agent for RAG deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 147(1):309-320.e6, 2021.
• Czechowicz A et al. Selective hematopoietic stem cell ablation using CD117-antibody-drug-conjugates enables safe and effective transplantation with immunity preservation. Nat Commun 10:617, 2019.
• Li Z et al. Hematopoietic chimerism and donor-specific skin allograft tolerance after non-genotoxic CD117 antibody-drug-conjugate conditioning in MHC-mismatched allotransplantation. Nat Commun 10:616, 2019.

Krieger JP, Asker M, Van der Velden P, Börchers S, Richard JE, Maric I, Longo F, Singh A, De Larigue G, Skibicka KP (2022) Neural pathway for gut feelings: vagal interoceptive feedback from the gastrointestinal tract is a critical modulator of anxiety-like behavior. Biological Psychiatry in press. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.020

Objective: To determine how the sensing of gastrointestinal state affects anxiety.

Summary: Vagal sensory signals from the gastrointestinal tract are critical for baseline and feeding-induced tuning of anxiety via the central amygdala in rats. The article results suggest vagal gut-brain signaling as a target to normalize interoception in anxiety.

Usage: 1.5 ul of CCK-SAP or Blank-SAP were delivered into each nodose ganglion at 250 ng/ul.

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Copeland EN (2022) Characterizing SERCA function in the hippocampal and prefrontal cortex regions of the brain from C57 and D2 mdx mice. Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada Thesis.

Objective: To investigate the differences between two models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): D2 mouse model with young mice showing cognitive deficits, and C57, the traditional mouse model.

Summary: Impaired sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) function in both C57 and D2 mdx brain – perhaps due to heightened oxidative/nitrosative stress.

Usage: Western blot; NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated as a marker of oxidative/nitrosative stress.

Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)

Li Y, Ye Z, Yang H, Xu Q (2022) Tailoring combinatorial lipid nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 12(6):2624-2639. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.04.013

Objective: To highlight the recent progress in combinatorial lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with novel structures and properties for the delivery of small- and macromolecular therapeutics.

Summary: The administration of protein/LNP negatively impacted reproduction in rats, including sperm production, estrous cyclicity and testicular and ovarian morphology, without causing any significant side effects. This non-surgical approach can be developed into a safe and convenient strategy for controlling the overproduction of pet and wildlife.

Usage: Intravenous administration of saporin loaded LNPs

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Marcucci F, Lappi DA, Ghislieri M, Martineau D, Siena S, Bregni M, Soria M, Gianni AM (1989) In vivo effects in mice of an anti-T cell immunotoxin. J Immunol 142:2955-2960.

Related Products: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)

Anacker A, Esser KH, Lenarz T, Paasche G (2022) Purification of fibroblasts from the spiral ganglion. Front Neurol 13:877342. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.877342

Objective: To provide a purified preparation of cochlear fibroblasts, which can be used in vitro for further investigations.

Summary: Subcultivation of the primary spiral ganglion cells culture removed the neurons from the culture and increased the fibroblast to glial cell ratio in the preparations. Direct immunolabeling for the Thy1-glycoprotein and the p75NGFR-enabled fluorescence-based cell sorting. This resulted in a cell culture of cochlear fibroblasts with a purity of more than 99%.

Usage: Cell Sorting (1:400)

Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N01AP)

Mueller M, Thompson R, Osman KL, Andel E, DeJonge CA, Kington S, Stephenson Z, Hamad A, Bunyak F, Nichols NL, Lever TE (2022) Impact of limb phenotype on tongue denervation atrophy, dysphagia penetrance, and survival time in a mouse model of ALS. Dysphagia doi: 10.1007/s00455-022-10442-4

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

See Also:

• Lind LA et al. Tongue and hypoglossal morphology after intralingual cholera toxin B-saporin injection. Muscle Nerve 63(3):413-420, 2021.