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Differential role of GABAergic and cholinergic ventral pallidal neurons in behavioral despair, conditioned fear memory and active coping.
Akmese C, Sevinc C, Halim S, Unal G (2022) Differential role of GABAergic and cholinergic ventral pallidal neurons in behavioral despair, conditioned fear memory and active coping. bioRxiv 2022.07.21.500949. doi: 10.1101/2022.07.21.500949
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)
A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness
Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC (2022) A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness. Front Neurosci 16:930514. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514
Objective: This review article attempts to summarize research that has investigated the neurons necessary for wakefulness.
Summary: The authors summarize animal experiments and research performed in different brain regions to further understand wakefulness. Several saporin conjugates are discussed.
Usage: Lesions of the basal forebrain were done by injecting a 0.1% solution of either 192-IgG-SAP or Orexin-SAP at four different sites (Fuller et al. and Geraschenko et al.); Intraventricular injection of Anti-DBH-SAP (Gompf et al.); Bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Kaur et al.).
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
See Also:
- Fuller P et al. Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 519(5):933-956, 2011.
- Gerashchenko D et al. Insomnia following hypocretin2-saporin lesions of the substantia nigra. Neuroscience 137(1):29-36, 2006.
- Gompf HS et al. Locus ceruleus and anterior cingulate cortex sustain wakefulness in a novel environment. J Neurosci 30(43):14543-14551, 2010.
- Kaur S et al. Effects of ibotenate and 192IgG-saporin lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis/substantia innominata on spontaneous sleep and wake states and on recovery sleep after sleep deprivation in rats. J Neurosci 28:491-504, 2008.
RIPpore: A novel host-derived method for the identification of ricin intoxication through oxford nanopore direct RNA sequencing
Ryan Y, Harrison A, Trivett H, Hartley C, David J, Clark GC, Hiscox JA (2022) RIPpore: A novel host-derived method for the identification of ricin intoxication through oxford nanopore direct RNA sequencing. Toxins (Basel) 14(7):470. doi: 10.3390/toxins14070470
Objective: The Depurination event could be detected using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) direct RNA sequencing, detecting a change in charge in the ricin loop.
Summary: Collectively, this work highlights the potential for ONT and direct RNA sequencing to detect and quantify depurination events caused by ribosome-inactivating proteins such as ricin.
Usage: Saporin was added as described by Rust et al., at 100 nM [22] for 24 h.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
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Antibody-based preparative regimens for cell, tissue and organ transplantation
Van Hentenryck M, Li Z, Murphy PM, Czechowicz A (2022) Antibody-based preparative regimens for cell, tissue and organ transplantation. (eds. 162). OBM Transplantation 6(3):162. doi: 10.21926/obm.transplant.2203162
Objective: Provide a review of progress in the use of antibodies to support cell and tissue transplantation with a particular focus on induction of donor-specific tolerance for solid organ transplantation.
Summary: Antibody-based conditioning to prepare the recipient is a promising approach towards achieving transplant tolerance in both hematopoietic and solid organ transplant settings.
Usage: To enhance HSC depletion while avoiding bystander toxicity (neutropenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia) caused by CD45-radioimmunotherapy, Palchaudhuri et al. developed a saporin-based CD45 (CD45-SAP) immunotoxin using a biotinylated antibody and Streptavidin-ZAP.
Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)
See Also:
- Palchaudhuri R Featured Article: Targeted depletion of hematopoietic stem cells promises safer transplantation. Targeting Trends 17(3), 2016.
- Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.
Synchronous intracellular delivery of EGFR-targeted antibody-drug conjugates by p38-mediated non-canonical endocytosis
Takahashi JI, Nakamura S, Onuma I, Zhou Y, Yokoyama S, Sakurai H (2022) Synchronous intracellular delivery of EGFR-targeted antibody-drug conjugates by p38-mediated non-canonical endocytosis. Sci Rep 12(1):11561. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15838-8 PMID: 35798841
Objective: The binding of cetuximab to EGFR suppresses ligand-induced signaling events. The authors demonstrate that synchronous non-canonical EGFR endocytosis can increase the efficacy of EGFR-targeting ADCs.
Summary: Epidermal growth factor (EGFR) has been a popular target in the treatment of cancer via monoclonal antibodies, specifically cetuximab and panitumumab. They have been applied to antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and their clinical efficacy had been demonstrated, but this efficacy has also been limited by acquired resistance via secondary mutations or the activation of bypass pathways. To overcome these limiting factors, the authors investigated if non-canonical clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) of EGFR induced the internalization of membrane-bound EGFR-targeted mAbs. Their results show that tumor necrosis factor-alpha strongly induces endocytosis of the cetuximab-EGFR complex via the p38 phosphorylation of EGFR and that Hum-ZAP, a secondary antibody conjugated to saporin, will also undergo internalization with the complex and enhance anti-proliferative activity.
Related Products: Hum-ZAP (Cat. #IT-22)
Sensory and motor visual functions in Parkinson’s Disease with respect to freezing of gait symptoms
Alhassan M (2022) Sensory and motor visual functions in Parkinson’s Disease with respect to freezing of gait symptoms. J Ophthalmol & Vis Sci 7(2):1069.
Objective: This review article summarizes the results from previous studies focusing on visual functions in Parkinson’s Disease patients.
Summary: Freezing of gait (FOG) is considered to be a motor disorder symptom that affects some Parkinson Disease (PD) patients; however, it is hypothesized that sensory systems may also be involved in FOG. Visual functions include high contrast visual acuity, low contrast visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, Vernier acuity, mesopic vision, stereopsis, motion perception, and vergence eye movements and are all affected in PD patients with FOG patients having more deficits in some of these functions. FOG patients also had impairments in non-dopaminergic mediated functions which suggests greater impairment in two functions that involve cholinergic neurotransmitters. 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. IT-01) was used to create a PD rat animal model to study the contribution of the cholinergic system to motor functions. It was found that the fall rates were more frequent in rats, that were injected with dual 192 IgG-saporin /6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) than rats with either isolated cholinergic or isolated dopaminergic lesions.
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Spike-mediated ACE2 down-regulation was involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Gao X, Zhang S, Gou J, Wen Y, Fan L, Zhou J, Zhou G, Xu G, Zhang Z (2022) Spike-mediated ACE2 down-regulation was involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Infect 85(4):418-427. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.06.030 PMID: 35793758
Objective: To determine the role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, is also an important regulator of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) homeostasis, which plays an unsettled role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Summary: The downregulation of ACE2 potentially links COVID-19 to the imbalance of RAS.
Usage: Western blot
Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)
Design and synthesis of glycosylated cholera toxin b subunit as a tracer of glycoprotein trafficking in organelles of living cells
Maki Y, Kawata K, Liu Y, Goo KY, Okamoto R, Kajihara Y, Satoh A (2022) Design and synthesis of glycosylated cholera toxin b subunit as a tracer of glycoprotein trafficking in organelles of living cells. Chemistry 28(37):e202201253. doi: 10.1002/chem.202201253 PMID: 35604098
Related Products: Cholera Toxin B, Recombinant (Cat. #PR-14)
Impaired oxygen-sensitive regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis within the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
Li S, Li W, Yuan J, Bullova P, Wu J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Plescher M, Rodriguez J, Bedoya-Reina OC, Jannig PR, Valente-Silva P, Yu M, Henriksson MA, Zubarev RA, Smed-Sörensen A, Suzuki CK, Ruas JL, Holmberg J, Larsson C, Christofer Juhlin C, von Kriegsheim A, Cao Y, Schlisio S (2022) Impaired oxygen-sensitive regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis within the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Nat Metab 4(6):739-758. doi: 10.1038/s42255-022-00593-x PMID: 35760869
Objective: To investigate how mitochondria sense oxygen levels.
Summary: The authors report an oxygen-sensitive regulation of TFAM, an activator of mitochondrial transcription and replication, whose alteration is linked to tumours arising in the von Hippel–Lindau syndrome. The data obtained from this study offer pharmacological avenues to sensitize therapy-resistant VHL tumours by focusing on the mitochondria.
Usage: Immunoprecipitation (IP), Immunoblot (IB); 1:1000
Related Products: Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline Rabbit Polyclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T044)
Comparison of CD3e antibody and CD3e-sZAP immunotoxin treatment in mice identifies szap as the main driver of vascular leakage
Kim S, Shukla RK, Kim E, Cressman SG, Yu H, Baek A, Choi H, Kim A, Sharma A, Wang Z, Huang CA, Reneau JC, Boyaka PN, Liyanage NPM, Kim S (2022) Comparison of CD3e antibody and CD3e-sZAP immunotoxin treatment in mice identifies szap as the main driver of vascular leakage. Biomedicines 10(6):1221. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10061221
Objective: Investigate and identify the toxicity profiles of a CD3e-mAb and an immunotoxin of this CD3e antibody conjugated to saporin via a biotin-streptavidin bond, S-CD3e-IT.
Summary: The two agents had opposite effects on T cells, with the antibody alone able to modulate CD3e on the cell surface while the S-CD3e-IT caused depletion of the cell. The immunotoxin increased the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the tissue parenchyma of the spleen and lungs, a sign of vascular permeability while the antibody alone showed no signs of vascular leakage.
Usage: S-CD3e-IT was prepared by reacting biotinylated CD3e antibody with Streptavidin-ZAP in a 1:1 molar ratio. C57BL/6J mice received 25 μg of S-CD3e-IT in sterile 200 μL PBS, twice a day via retro-orbital injection for four days.
Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)
Worked to the bone: antibody-based conditioning as the future of transplant biology
Griffin JM, Healy FM, Dahal LN, Floisand Y, Woolley JF (2022) Worked to the bone: antibody-based conditioning as the future of transplant biology. J Hematol Oncol 15(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s13045-022-01284-6
Objective: To analyze the current status of antibody-based drugs in pre-transplant conditioning regimens and assess their potential in the future of transplant biology.
Summary: This review article suggests that antibody-based conditioning regimens may be the next big advancement in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Related Products: Anti-CD117-SAP (Cat. #IT-83)
See Also:
- Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.
- Castiello MC et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-CD45-saporin as conditioning agent for RAG deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 147(1):309-320.e6, 2021.
- Czechowicz A et al. Selective hematopoietic stem cell ablation using CD117-antibody-drug-conjugates enables safe and effective transplantation with immunity preservation. Nat Commun 10:617, 2019.
- Li Z et al. Hematopoietic chimerism and donor-specific skin allograft tolerance after non-genotoxic CD117 antibody-drug-conjugate conditioning in MHC-mismatched allotransplantation. Nat Commun 10:616, 2019.
Neural pathway for gut feelings: vagal interoceptive feedback from the gastrointestinal tract is a critical modulator of anxiety-like behavior
Krieger JP, Asker M, Van der Velden P, Börchers S, Richard JE, Maric I, Longo F, Singh A, De Larigue G, Skibicka KP (2022) Neural pathway for gut feelings: vagal interoceptive feedback from the gastrointestinal tract is a critical modulator of anxiety-like behavior. Biological Psychiatry in press. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.020
Objective: To determine how the sensing of gastrointestinal state affects anxiety.
Summary: Vagal sensory signals from the gastrointestinal tract are critical for baseline and feeding-induced tuning of anxiety via the central amygdala in rats. The article results suggest vagal gut-brain signaling as a target to normalize interoception in anxiety.
Usage: 1.5 ul of CCK-SAP or Blank-SAP were delivered into each nodose ganglion at 250 ng/ul.
Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Characterizing SERCA function in the hippocampal and prefrontal cortex regions of the brain from C57 and D2 mdx mice
Copeland EN (2022) Characterizing SERCA function in the hippocampal and prefrontal cortex regions of the brain from C57 and D2 mdx mice. Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada Thesis. PMID: 0
Objective: To investigate the differences between two models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): D2 mouse model with young mice showing cognitive deficits, and C57, the traditional mouse model.
Summary: Impaired sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) function in both C57 and D2 mdx brain – perhaps due to heightened oxidative/nitrosative stress.
Usage: Western blot; NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated as a marker of oxidative/nitrosative stress.
Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)
Tailoring combinatorial lipid nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs.
Li Y, Ye Z, Yang H, Xu Q (2022) Tailoring combinatorial lipid nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 12(6):2624-2639. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.04.013
Objective: To highlight the recent progress in combinatorial lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with novel structures and properties for the delivery of small- and macromolecular therapeutics.
Summary: The administration of protein/LNP negatively impacted reproduction in rats, including sperm production, estrous cyclicity and testicular and ovarian morphology, without causing any significant side effects. This non-surgical approach can be developed into a safe and convenient strategy for controlling the overproduction of pet and wildlife.
Usage: Intravenous administration of saporin loaded LNPs
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Asymmetric activation of microglia in the hippocampus drives anxiodepressive consequences of trigeminal neuralgia
Chen LQ, Lv XJ, Guo QH, Lv SS, Lv N, Yu J, Xu WD, Zhang YQ (2022) Asymmetric activation of microglia in the hippocampus drives anxiodepressive consequences of trigeminal neuralgia. bioRxiv 2022.04.16.488241. doi: 10.1101/2022.04.16.488241
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33)
Impact of limb phenotype on tongue denervation atrophy, dysphagia penetrance, and survival time in a mouse model of ALS
Mueller M, Thompson R, Osman KL, Andel E, DeJonge CA, Kington S, Stephenson Z, Hamad A, Bunyak F, Nichols NL, Lever TE (2022) Impact of limb phenotype on tongue denervation atrophy, dysphagia penetrance, and survival time in a mouse model of ALS. Dysphagia doi: 10.1007/s00455-022-10442-4
Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)
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In vivo effects in mice of an anti-T cell immunotoxin.
Marcucci F, Lappi DA, Ghislieri M, Martineau D, Siena S, Bregni M, Soria M, Gianni AM (1989) In vivo effects in mice of an anti-T cell immunotoxin. J Immunol 142:2955-2960.
Related Products: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)
Purification of fibroblasts from the spiral ganglion
Anacker A, Esser KH, Lenarz T, Paasche G (2022) Purification of fibroblasts from the spiral ganglion. Front Neurol 13:877342. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.877342 PMID: 35493807
Objective: To provide a purified preparation of cochlear fibroblasts, which can be used in vitro for further investigations.
Summary: Subcultivation of the primary spiral ganglion cells culture removed the neurons from the culture and increased the fibroblast to glial cell ratio in the preparations. Direct immunolabeling for the Thy1-glycoprotein and the p75NGFR-enabled fluorescence-based cell sorting. This resulted in a cell culture of cochlear fibroblasts with a purity of more than 99%.
Usage: Cell Sorting (1:400)
Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N01AP)
Chemical genetic activation of the cholinergic basal forebrain hippocampal circuit rescues memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease
Liu W, Li J, Yang M, Ke X, Dai Y, Lin H, Wang S, Chen L, Tao J (2022) Chemical genetic activation of the cholinergic basal forebrain hippocampal circuit rescues memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 14(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s13195-022-00994-w
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
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P2X7 receptor augments LPS-induced nitrosative stress by regulating Nrf2 and GSH levels in the mouse hippocampus
Lee DS, Kim JE (2022) P2X7 receptor augments LPS-induced nitrosative stress by regulating Nrf2 and GSH levels in the mouse hippocampus. Antioxidants (Basel) 11(4):778. doi: 10.3390/antiox11040778 PMID: 35453462
Objective: To elucidate whether P2X7R affects nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity/expression and glutathione (GSH) synthesis under nitrosative stress in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation.
Summary: The findings indicate that P2X7R may augment LPS-induced neuroinflammation by leading to Nrf2 degradation, aberrant glutamate-glutamine cycle, and impaired cystine/cysteine uptake, which would inhibit GSH biosynthesis.
Usage: Immunohistochemistry (1:1000)
Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)