- Home
- Knowledge Base
- References
References
Posttranslational S-nitrosylation modification regulates HMGB1 secretion and promotes its proinflammatory and neurodegenerative effects
Yang R, Gao Y, Li H, Huang W, Tu D, Yang M, Liu X, Hong JS, Gao HM (2022) Posttranslational S-nitrosylation modification regulates HMGB1 secretion and promotes its proinflammatory and neurodegenerative effects. Cell Rep 40(11):111330. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111330 PMID: 36103834
Objective: To demonstrate that S-nitrosylation (SNO) is essential and sufficient for inflammation-elicited HMGB1 secretion.
Summary: Results indicate crucial roles for SNO modification in HMGB1 secretion and HMGB1-Mac1 interaction for inflammatory neurodegeneration, identifying a mechanistic basis for Parkinson’s Disease development.
Usage: Confocal double-label immunofluorescence (1:1000)
Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)
The basal forebrain volume reduction detected by MRI does not necessarily link with the cholinergic neuronal loss in the Alzheimer’s disease mouse model
Zhou XA, Ngiam G, Qian L, Sankorrakul K, Coulson EJ, Chuang KH (2022) The basal forebrain volume reduction detected by MRI does not necessarily link with the cholinergic neuronal loss in the Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 117:24-32. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.017 PMID: 35640461
Objective: Assess basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neuron number by histological counts and compare with the volume measurements from an in vivo MRI Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse model.
Summary: Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the BF contributes to cognitive impairment in AD. A decrease of BF volume measured by structural MRI is thought to represent loss of cholinergic neurons. As there are various types of neurons in the BF, whether this MRI measurement actually reflects the change of cholinergic neurons has not been verified. To test whether specific loss of cholinergic neurons results in BF reduction, the authors ablated cholinergic neurons in the Medial septum.
Usage: Lesions were made via injections of mu-p75-SAP (0.5 mg/ml) or control Rabbit-IgG-SAP (0.5 mg/mL) into ten-week-old female C57Bl/6J mice. However, there was no detectable change in MRI volume between lesioned and unlesioned mice. The results indicate that although loss of cholinergic neurons within the BF likely contribute to volume loss, this change in volume cannot be taken as a direct biomarker of cholinergic neuron number.
Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)
Laminarin attenuates ros-mediated cell migration and invasiveness through mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic cancer cells
Lee W, Song G, Bae H (2022) Laminarin attenuates ros-mediated cell migration and invasiveness through mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic cancer cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 11(9):1714. doi: 10.3390/antiox11091714
Objective: To determine the effects of laminarin on pancreatic cancer.
Summary: Laminarin showed synergistic effects when combined with 5-FU, a standard anticancer agent for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with potential as a treatment for PDAC.
Usage: Lund et al. work on 5-FU resistant EMT-like pancreatic cancer cells are hypersensitive to photochemical internalization of the novel endoglin-targeting immunotoxin Anti-CD105-SAP.
Related Products: Anti-CD105-SAP (Cat. #IT-80)
See Also:
Stimulation of the muscarinic receptor M4 activates quiescent neural precursor cells and ameliorates medial septum cholinergic lesion-induced impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis
Madrid LI, Bandhavkar S, Hafey K, Jimenez-Martin J, Milne M, Coulson EJ, Jhaveri DJ (2022) Stimulation of the muscarinic receptor M4 activates quiescent neural precursor cells and ameliorates medial septum cholinergic lesion-induced impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. bioRxiv 2022.08.25.505357. doi: 10.1101/2022.08.25.505357
Objective: To investigate the contribution of basal forebrain medial septum (MS) and diagonal band of Broca (DBB) cholinergic neurons that innervate the hippocampus and the identity of the cholinergic receptor(s) that regulate the production and maturation of new neurons.
Summary: This work reveals stage-specific roles of cholinergic signaling in regulating functionally relevant adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
Usage: Medial septum cholinergic lesion was achieved by infusion of mu p75-SAP (0.4 µg/µl). Rabbit IgG-SAP (0.4 µg/µl) was used as control.
Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)
Prenatal exposure to valproic acid causes allodynia associated with spinal microglial activation
Imado E, Sun S, Abawa AR, Tahara T, Kochi T, Huynh TNB, Asano S, Hasebe S, Nakamura Y, Hisaoka-Nakashima K, Kotake Y, Irifune M, Tsuga K, Takuma K, Morioka N, Kiguchi N, Ago Y (2022) Prenatal exposure to valproic acid causes allodynia associated with spinal microglial activation. Neurochem Int 160:105415. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105415
Objective: To further understand the mechanism underlying sensory phenotypes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Summary: The authors investigated the age-dependent tactile sensitivity in an animal model of ASD induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid and subsequently assessed the involvement of microglia in the spinal cord in pain processing.
Usage: To deplete microglia in the spinal cord, Mac-1-SAP (11.2 μg/5.5 μl) was injected intrathecally at the level of L4–L5 in adult (8-week-old) mice.
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)
From immunotoxins to suicide toxin delivery approaches: Is there a clinical opportunity?
Ardini M, Vago R, Fabbrini MS, Ippoliti R (2022) From immunotoxins to suicide toxin delivery approaches: Is there a clinical opportunity?. Toxins (Basel) 14(9):579. doi: 10.3390/toxins14090579 PMID: 36136517
Objective: To give an overview describing some of the bacterial and plant enzymes studied so far for their delivery and controlled expression in tumor models.
Summary: “Suicide gene” therapy (SGT), consists of the selective delivery of genes coding for toxic proteins, into target cancer cells. This new and promising approach may overcome some of the issues related to the use of chemical agents (chemotherapy) such as as specificity, high dosages with accompanying side effects, and chemoresistance induction.
Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase function is impaired in skeletal and cardiac muscles from young DBA/2J mdx mice
Cleverdon REG, Braun JL, Geromella MS, Whitley KC, Marko DM, Hamstra SI, Roy BD, MacPherson REK, Fajardo VA (2022) Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase function is impaired in skeletal and cardiac muscles from young DBA/2J mdx mice. iScience 25(9):104972. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104972 PMID: 36093052
Objective: To investigate whether sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) function would differ in muscles from young D2 and C57 mdx mice.
Summary: The study demonstrates that SERCA function is drastically impaired in young D2 mdx mice.
Usage: Western blot
Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)
Bovine bone gelatin-derived peptides: Food processing characteristics and evaluation of antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic activities
Cao S, Wang Z, Xing L, Zhou L, Zhang W (2022) Bovine bone gelatin-derived peptides: Food processing characteristics and evaluation of antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic activities. J Agric Food Chem 70(32):9877-9887. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02982 PMID: 35917452
Objective: To evaluate the food processing properties of bovine bone gelatin-derived peptides (BGPs) and their effects and mechanisms on hypertension and hypertension complications in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Summary: BGPs could alleviate hypertension and dyslipidemia in SHRs by inhibiting ACE/Ang II/AT1R and activating the Ang II/AT2R signaling pathway.
Usage: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified
Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)
In vivo visualization and molecular targeting of the cardiac conduction system
Goodyer WR, Beyersdorf BM, Duan L, van den Berg NS, Mantri S, Galdos FX, Puluca N, Buikema JW, Lee S, Salmi D, Robinson ER, Rogalla S, Cogan DP, Khosla C, Rosenthal EL, Wu SM (2022) In vivo visualization and molecular targeting of the cardiac conduction system. J Clin Invest e156955. doi: 10.1172/jci156955
Objective: To engineer targeted antibody conjugates directed against the cardiac conduction system (CCS) to allow visualization of the CCS in vivo.
Summary: Accidental injury to the CCS, a specialized set of cells embedded within the heart and indistinguishable from the surrounding heart muscle tissue, is a major complication in cardiac surgeries. They generated a fully human monoclonal Fab (hCNTN2) that targets the CCS with high specificity.
Usage: Streptavidin-ZAP was reacted with biotinylated hCNTN2 Fab to create hCNTN2-SAP. 100 ug of either hCNTN2-SAP and control-SAP were injected into wild-type mice with a single tail-vein injection and hearts were harvested after 2 days.
Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)
Cannabinoid receptors and glial response following a basal forebrain cholinergic lesion
Llorente-Ovejero A, Bengoetxea de Tena I, Martínez-Gardeazabal J, Moreno-Rodríguez M, Lombardero L, Manuel I, Rodríguez-Puertas R (2022) Cannabinoid receptors and glial response following a basal forebrain cholinergic lesion. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 5(9):791-802. doi: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00069 PMID: 36110372
Objective: The endocannabinoid system is involved in the control of learning, memory, and neuroinflammatory processes and plays a role in neurodegeneration, such as in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The objective was to study the roles of cannabinoid receptors in the regulation of neuroinflammation.
Summary: Selective agonists and antagonists to the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 were studied for their binding to G-proteins after specific lesioning of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BCFN) using 192-IgG-SAP. These neurons are the same cholinergic pathways that are lost in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In their study, an increase of microglia immunoreactivities (GFAP and Iba-1) and decrease of astrocyte immunoreactivities were seen which indicate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. In cortical BFCN projection areas, CB1 receptor binding to Gi/o-proteins was upregulated and at the injection site, the area that showed the highest increase of microglia, only slight CB2 binding to Gi/o-proteins were detected. Dose: Rats received 135 ng/μLof 192IgG-saporin (1μL/hemisphere; 0.25μL/min).
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Long-term nucleus basalis cholinergic depletion induces attentional deficits and impacts cortical neurons and BDNF levels without affecting the NGF synthesis
Orciani C, Hall H, Pentz R, Foret MK, Do Carmo S, Cuello AC (2022) Long-term nucleus basalis cholinergic depletion induces attentional deficits and impacts cortical neurons and BDNF levels without affecting the NGF synthesis. J Neurochem doi: 10.1111/jnc.15683
Objective: To determine whether reciprocal interaction of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) impact neurotrophin availability and affect cortical neuronal markers.
Summary: There is a neuroprotective role of cholinergic neurotransmission in the adult, fully-differentiated cortex.
Usage: Immunolesioned BFCN projecting mainly to the cortex with 192-IgG-SAP (bilateral 0.5 ug/ul; 1.0 ul/hemisphere) in 2.5 month-old Wistar rats.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Stimulation of Akt phosphorylation and glucose transport by metalloporphyrins with peroxynitrite decomposition catalytic activity
Eccardt AM, Pelzel RJ, Bell TP, Fisher JS (2022) Stimulation of Akt phosphorylation and glucose transport by metalloporphyrins with peroxynitrite decomposition catalytic activity. Catalysts 12(8):849. doi: 10.3390/catal12080849 PMID: 0
Objective: To determine whether a catalytic action of iron porphyrin compounds would be related to their stimulation of insulin signaling and glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes.
Summary: Findings suggest that iron porphyrin compounds with both peroxynitrite decomposition activity and peroxidase activity can stimulate insulin signaling and glucose transport in skeletal muscle cells.
Usage: Western blot
Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)
Perinatal correlated retinal activity is required for the wiring of visual axons in non-image forming nuclei
Negueruela S, Morenilla C, Herrera M, Coca Y, Florez-Paz D, López-Cascales MT, Gomis A, Herrera E (2022) Perinatal correlated retinal activity is required for the wiring of visual axons in non-image forming nuclei. bioRxiv 2022.07.27.501692. doi: 10.1101/2022.07.27.501692
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)
Differential role of GABAergic and cholinergic ventral pallidal neurons in behavioral despair, conditioned fear memory and active coping.
Akmese C, Sevinc C, Halim S, Unal G (2022) Differential role of GABAergic and cholinergic ventral pallidal neurons in behavioral despair, conditioned fear memory and active coping. bioRxiv 2022.07.21.500949. doi: 10.1101/2022.07.21.500949
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)
A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness
Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC (2022) A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness. Front Neurosci 16:930514. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514
Objective: This review article attempts to summarize research that has investigated the neurons necessary for wakefulness.
Summary: The authors summarize animal experiments and research performed in different brain regions to further understand wakefulness. Several saporin conjugates are discussed.
Usage: Lesions of the basal forebrain were done by injecting a 0.1% solution of either 192-IgG-SAP or Orexin-SAP at four different sites (Fuller et al. and Geraschenko et al.); Intraventricular injection of Anti-DBH-SAP (Gompf et al.); Bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Kaur et al.).
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
See Also:
- Fuller P et al. Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 519(5):933-956, 2011.
- Gerashchenko D et al. Insomnia following hypocretin2-saporin lesions of the substantia nigra. Neuroscience 137(1):29-36, 2006.
- Gompf HS et al. Locus ceruleus and anterior cingulate cortex sustain wakefulness in a novel environment. J Neurosci 30(43):14543-14551, 2010.
- Kaur S et al. Effects of ibotenate and 192IgG-saporin lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis/substantia innominata on spontaneous sleep and wake states and on recovery sleep after sleep deprivation in rats. J Neurosci 28:491-504, 2008.
RIPpore: A novel host-derived method for the identification of ricin intoxication through oxford nanopore direct RNA sequencing
Ryan Y, Harrison A, Trivett H, Hartley C, David J, Clark GC, Hiscox JA (2022) RIPpore: A novel host-derived method for the identification of ricin intoxication through oxford nanopore direct RNA sequencing. Toxins (Basel) 14(7):470. doi: 10.3390/toxins14070470
Objective: The Depurination event could be detected using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) direct RNA sequencing, detecting a change in charge in the ricin loop.
Summary: Collectively, this work highlights the potential for ONT and direct RNA sequencing to detect and quantify depurination events caused by ribosome-inactivating proteins such as ricin.
Usage: Saporin was added as described by Rust et al., at 100 nM [22] for 24 h.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
See Also:
Antibody-based preparative regimens for cell, tissue and organ transplantation
Van Hentenryck M, Li Z, Murphy PM, Czechowicz A (2022) Antibody-based preparative regimens for cell, tissue and organ transplantation. (eds. 162). OBM Transplantation 6(3):162. doi: 10.21926/obm.transplant.2203162
Objective: Provide a review of progress in the use of antibodies to support cell and tissue transplantation with a particular focus on induction of donor-specific tolerance for solid organ transplantation.
Summary: Antibody-based conditioning to prepare the recipient is a promising approach towards achieving transplant tolerance in both hematopoietic and solid organ transplant settings.
Usage: To enhance HSC depletion while avoiding bystander toxicity (neutropenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia) caused by CD45-radioimmunotherapy, Palchaudhuri et al. developed a saporin-based CD45 (CD45-SAP) immunotoxin using a biotinylated antibody and Streptavidin-ZAP.
Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)
See Also:
- Palchaudhuri R Featured Article: Targeted depletion of hematopoietic stem cells promises safer transplantation. Targeting Trends 17(3), 2016.
- Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.
Synchronous intracellular delivery of EGFR-targeted antibody-drug conjugates by p38-mediated non-canonical endocytosis
Takahashi JI, Nakamura S, Onuma I, Zhou Y, Yokoyama S, Sakurai H (2022) Synchronous intracellular delivery of EGFR-targeted antibody-drug conjugates by p38-mediated non-canonical endocytosis. Sci Rep 12(1):11561. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15838-8 PMID: 35798841
Objective: The binding of cetuximab to EGFR suppresses ligand-induced signaling events. The authors demonstrate that synchronous non-canonical EGFR endocytosis can increase the efficacy of EGFR-targeting ADCs.
Summary: Epidermal growth factor (EGFR) has been a popular target in the treatment of cancer via monoclonal antibodies, specifically cetuximab and panitumumab. They have been applied to antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and their clinical efficacy had been demonstrated, but this efficacy has also been limited by acquired resistance via secondary mutations or the activation of bypass pathways. To overcome these limiting factors, the authors investigated if non-canonical clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) of EGFR induced the internalization of membrane-bound EGFR-targeted mAbs. Their results show that tumor necrosis factor-alpha strongly induces endocytosis of the cetuximab-EGFR complex via the p38 phosphorylation of EGFR and that Hum-ZAP, a secondary antibody conjugated to saporin, will also undergo internalization with the complex and enhance anti-proliferative activity.
Related Products: Hum-ZAP (Cat. #IT-22)
Sensory and motor visual functions in Parkinson’s Disease with respect to freezing of gait symptoms
Alhassan M (2022) Sensory and motor visual functions in Parkinson’s Disease with respect to freezing of gait symptoms. J Ophthalmol & Vis Sci 7(2):1069.
Objective: This review article summarizes the results from previous studies focusing on visual functions in Parkinson’s Disease patients.
Summary: Freezing of gait (FOG) is considered to be a motor disorder symptom that affects some Parkinson Disease (PD) patients; however, it is hypothesized that sensory systems may also be involved in FOG. Visual functions include high contrast visual acuity, low contrast visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, Vernier acuity, mesopic vision, stereopsis, motion perception, and vergence eye movements and are all affected in PD patients with FOG patients having more deficits in some of these functions. FOG patients also had impairments in non-dopaminergic mediated functions which suggests greater impairment in two functions that involve cholinergic neurotransmitters. 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. IT-01) was used to create a PD rat animal model to study the contribution of the cholinergic system to motor functions. It was found that the fall rates were more frequent in rats, that were injected with dual 192 IgG-saporin /6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) than rats with either isolated cholinergic or isolated dopaminergic lesions.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
See Also:
Spike-mediated ACE2 down-regulation was involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Gao X, Zhang S, Gou J, Wen Y, Fan L, Zhou J, Zhou G, Xu G, Zhang Z (2022) Spike-mediated ACE2 down-regulation was involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Infect 85(4):418-427. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.06.030 PMID: 35793758
Objective: To determine the role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, is also an important regulator of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) homeostasis, which plays an unsettled role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Summary: The downregulation of ACE2 potentially links COVID-19 to the imbalance of RAS.
Usage: Western blot
Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)