References

Shanahan SL, Kunder N, Inaku C, Hagan NB, Gibbons G, Mathey-Andrews N, Anandappa G, Soares S, Pauken KE, Jacks T, Schenkel JM (2024) Longitudinal intravascular antibody labeling identified regulatory t cell recruitment as a therapeutic target in a mouse model of lung cancer. J Immunol ji2400268. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2400268 PMID: 39082930

Objective: To develop an intravascular antibody technique to label circulating mouse leukocytes before they migrate to tissues, providing unprecedented insight into the kinetics of recruitment.

Summary: Leukocyte trafficking depended on the integrins CD11a/CD49d, and CD11a/CD49d blockade led to significant tumor burden reduction in mice. Preventing circulating Treg recruitment through depletion or sequestration in lymph nodes was sufficient to decrease tumor burden, indicating that Treg migration was crucial for suppressing antitumor immunity.

Usage: To deplete circulating Tregs, mice were treated every other day with 20mg of Anti-CD25 SAP (IT-29) for 6 days.

Related Products: Anti-CD25-SAP mouse (Cat. #IT-29)

Wang Y, Zou R, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Peng C, Liu Y, Tan H, Fu Q, Ding M (2024) Unraveling mechanisms of protein encapsulation and release in coacervates via molecular dynamics and machine learning. Chem Sci doi: 10.1039/D4SC03061C

Objective: To investigate bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein encapsulation and release within polylysine/polyglutamate (PLys/PGlu) coacervates and to conduct simulations of the coacervate encapsulation of saporin, lysozyme, actin, and EGFP proteins in the LG, GL and SIM sequence to explore the potential extension of the ingredient addition sequence effect to other proteins.

Summary: Findings emphasize the importance of ingredient addition sequence in coacervate formation and encapsulation rates, attributed to preference contact between oppositely charged proteins and poly(amino acid)s. Notably, coacervates composed of b-sheet poly(amino acid)s demonstrate greater BSA encapsulation efficiency due to their reduced entropy and flexibility. The positively charged saporin and lysozyme protein exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency when first combined with PGlu, followed by the addition of PLys.

Usage: The authors conducted simulations of the coacervate encapsulation of saporin (PR-01).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Kwok CHT, Harding EK, Burma NE, Markovic T, Massaly N, van den Hoogen NJ, Stokes-Heck S, Gambeta E, Komarek K, Yoon HJ, Navis KE, McAllister BB, Canet-Pons J, Fan C, Dalgarno R, Gorobets E, Papatzimas JW, Zhang Z, Kohro Y, Anderson CL, Thompson RJ, Derksen DJ, Morón JA, Zamponi GW, Trang T (2024) Pannexin-1 channel inhibition alleviates opioid withdrawal in rodents by modulating locus coeruleus to spinal cord circuitry. Nat Commun 15(1):6264. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50657-7 PMID: 39048565

Objective: To show that pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels expressed on microglia critically modulate LC activity during opioid withdrawal.

Summary: The findings demonstrate that microglial Panx1 channels modulate LC noradrenergic circuitry during opioid withdrawal and reinstatement. Blocking Panx1 to dampen LC hyperexcitability may, therefore, provide a therapeutic strategy for alleviating the physical and aversive components of opioid withdrawal.

Usage: Mac-1-SAP (IT-06) was injected through the cannula (15 µg) for three consecutive days before systemic naloxone administration.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

Su Y, Xu J, Zhu Z, Chin J, Xu L, Yu H, Nudell V, Dash B, Moya EA, Ye L, Nimmerjahn A, Sun X (2024) Brainstem Dbh+ neurons control allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. Nature 631(8021):601-609. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07608-5 PMID: 38987587

Objective: To map a full allergen circuit from the lung to the brainstem and back to the lung. Repeated exposure of mice to inhaled allergen activated the nuclei of solitary tract (nTS) neurons in a mast cell-, interleukin-4 (IL-4)- and vagal nerve-dependent manner.

Summary: Ablation or chemogenetic inactivation of Dbh+nTS neurons blunted hyperreactivity whereas chemogenetic activation promoted it. Viral tracing indicated that Dbh+nTS neurons project to the nucleus ambiguous (NA) and that NA neurons are necessary and sufficient to relay allergen signals to postganglionic neurons that directly drive airway constriction. Delivery of noradrenaline antagonists to the NA blunted hyperreactivity, suggesting noradrenaline as the transmitter between Dbh+nTS and NA.

Usage: To determine whether Dbh+nTS neurons are essential for hyperreactivity chemical ablation, anti-dopamine beta-hydroxylase antibody conjugated to saporin (Anti-DBH-SAP, IT-03), shown to be specific for DBH+neurons, was injected into the nTS.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Bryder D, Konturk-Ciesla A, Zhang Q, Kharazi S (2024) A non-invasive stem cell therapy boosts lymphopoiesis and averts age-related blood diseases in mice. Research Square doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4528815/v1

Objective: To develop a murine transplantation model based on low-intensity conditioning protocols using antibody-mediated Hematopoietic stem cell.

Summary: Authors demonstrate that young HSCs, once transplanted, survive and thrive in aged hosts, dramatically improving hematopoietic output and ameliorating age-compromised lymphopoiesis.

Usage: Intravenous injection of CD45-SAP (3 mg/kg, IT-91). Biotinylated anti-CD45.2 antibodies were mixed with streptavidin-saporin conjugate at a 1:1 molar ratio (IT-27).

Related Products: Anti-CD45.2-SAP (Cat. #IT-91), Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Xia L, Luo L, Liu J, Liu L, Han H, Xia R, Guo L, Xie J, Tang L (2024) A glycoprotein-based surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy–lateral flow assay method for abrin and ricin detection. Toxins (Basel) 16(7):312. doi: 10.3390/toxins16070312 PMID: 39057952

Objective: To generate stable and high-affinity nanotags, via an efficient freezing method, to serve as the capture module for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and lateral flow assay (LFA) (SERS-LFA).

Summary: The detection method demonstrated good inter-batch and intra-batch reproducibility among the test strips, and the detection could be completed within 15 min, indicating the suitability of this SERS-LFA method for the on-site rapid detection of abrin and ricin toxins.

Usage: The specificity of the test strip for abrin was assessed against RCA120, AAG, RTB, RTA, Stx1, Stx2, saporin, and SEB. Proteins, such as RTA, Stx 1, Stx 2,saporin, and SEB, did not cross-react with this assay.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Kolster M, Sonntag A, Weise C, Correa J, Fuchs H, Walther W, Fernandez-Megia E, Weng A (2024) Broadening the scope of sapofection: Cationic peptide-saponin conjugates improve gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces doi: 10.1021/acsami.4c05846 PMID: 38970470

Objective: Using Saponin to enhance delivery of gene therapies to cancer cells

Summary: Saponins hold promise in enhancing the endosomal escape of gene therapy vectors into cells, thereby increasing efficacy. The Saponin, SO1861, was conjugated to either a pH-sensitive peptide linker or Saporin, and internalization of the payload was measured. Saponin was shown to enhance delivery of gene therapies to cells of an aggressively growing neuroblastoma allograft model in mice.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Branco F, Cunha J, Mendes M, Vitorino C, Sousa JJ (2024) Peptide-hitchhiking for the development of nanosystems in glioblastoma. ACS Nano 18(26):16359-16394. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01790 PMID: 38861272

Objective: To review single and multiligand strategies to deliver therapeutic treatment to Glioblastoma (GBM).

Summary: The exploration of multitargeting ligands has shown great promise in GBM treatment, particularly when compared to single-targeting approaches. These ligands simultaneously use different peptides to engage a range of overexpressed receptors. These advanced strategies enhance the precision of drug delivery, facilitate BBB penetration, and enable targeting specific molecular pathways within the complex microenvironment of GBM.

Usage: ApoE-modified saporin-loaded chimeric polymersomes showed a highly efficient crossing of the BBB and accumulation in GBM.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Ciuro M, Sangiorgio M, Cacciato V, Cantone G, Fichera C, Salvatorelli L, Magro G, Leanza G, Vecchio M, Valle MS, Gulino R (2024) Mitigating the functional deficit after neurotoxic motoneuronal loss by an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission. Int J Mol Sci 25(13):7059. doi: 10.3390/ijms25137059 PMID: 39000168

Objective: To use the Cholera Toxin B-Saporin (CTB-SAP) mouse animal model of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to determine the efficacy of mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1) for its potential neuroprotective effect.

Summary: Mdivi-1 reduced motor deficits in the ALS model. It also showed neuroprotective effects on motoneurons and promoted plasticity. This could represent a translational approach for motoneuron disorders.

Usage: To establish the model, mice received two injections of the retrogradely transported, ribosome-inactivating toxin, CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14) into the medial and lateral right gastrocnemius muscles, respectively, with a toxin dose of 6 μg/2 μL in PBS per injection.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Kang Y, Toyoda H, Saito M (2024) Search for unknown neural link between the masticatory and cognitive brain systems to clarify the involvement of its impairment in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Neurosci 18:1425645. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1425645 PMID: 38994328

Summary: It remains unclear how masticatory dysfunction can induce brain degeneration similar to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), and the neural mechanism linking the trigeminal nervous system responsible for mastication and the cognitive and memory brain system remains unknown. In this review paper, authors provide clues to the search for such “missing link” by discussing the embryological, anatomical, and physiological relationship between locus coeruleus (LC) and its laterally adjoining mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus which plays a central role in the masticatory functions.

Usage: To clarify the role of BFC neurons such as in nucleus basalis of Meyner (NBM) in AD pathogenesis, selective lesioning of basal forebrain cholinergic (BFC) neurons was made using the immunotoxin mu p75-SAP (IT-16) in such transgenic mice. The lesioning of BFC neurons resulted in an earlier appearance of Aβ accumulation and memory impairment in the cortex and hippocampus.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

See Also:

• Laursen B et al. Cholinergic degeneration is associated with increased plaque deposition and cognitive impairment in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Behav Brain Res 240:146-152, 2013.
• Ramos-Rodriguez JJ et al. Rapid beta-amyloid deposition and cognitive impairment after cholinergic denervation in app/ps1 mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 72(4):272-285, 2013.