References

Kostenko A, Prezzavento O, de Leo G, D’Arco D, Gulion R, Caccamo A, Leanza G (2024) Cognitive and histopathological alterations in rat models of early- and late-phase memory dysfunction: Effects of sigma-1 receptor activation. J Alzheimers Dis 101(3) doi: 10.3233/JAD-240618 PMID: 39240642

Objective: This study sought to assess the role of (±)-cyclopropane carboxylate (PPCC) on working memory deficits caused by noradrenergic depletion.

Summary: While (±)-PPCC alone at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day failed to affect working memory in lesioned animals, its association with the α2 adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine, completely blocked noradrenaline release, significantly improving rat performance. This effect, distinct from noradrenaline activity, is likely to result from a direct action of the (±)-PPCC compound onto sigma-1 receptors, as pre-treatment with the selective sigma-1 receptor antagonist BD-1047 reversed the improved working memory performance. Despite such clear functional effects, the treatment did not affect noradrenergic neuron survival or terminal fiber proliferation.

Usage: Bilateral intraventricular injections of anti-DBH-saporin (IT-03). Either 1.25μg or 2.5μg of the immunotoxin was dissolved in 7μl of sterile PBS and administered into each lateral ventricle (resulting in a total of 2.5μg or 5.0μg per rat in a 7 + 7μl volume of vehicle).

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Runyon K, Bui T, Mazanek S, Hartle A, Marschalko K, Howe WM (2024) Distinct cholinergic circuits underlie discrete effects of reward on attention. Front Mol Neurosci. Front Mol Neurosci 17:1429316. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1429316 PMID: 39268248

Objective: Review the basic neuroanatomy of attention, reward, and cholinergic systems.

Summary: Authors examined specific contexts in which attention and reward computations interact. They proposed two discrete neural circuits whereby acetylcholine, released from cell groups located in different parts of the brain, mediates the impact of stimulus-reward associations as well as motivation on attentional control. Authors concluded by examining these circuits as a potential shared loci of dysfunction across diseases states associated with deficits in attention and reward.

Usage: Lesions of basal forebrain via ACh-immunotoxin 192-IgG-SAP (IT-01) impaired performance on a sustained attention task designed for rodents, selectively reducing the capacity of rats to report the presence of instructive cues, while having no effect on their ability to report the absence of these cues0

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• McGaughy J et al. Behavioral vigilance following infusions of 192 IgG-saporin into the basal forebrain: selectivity of the behavioral impairment and relation to cortical AChE-positive fiber density. Behav Neurosci 110:247-265, 1996.

Huo C, Lombardi F, Blanco-Centurion C, Shiromani PJ, Ivanov PC (2024) Role of the locus coeruleus arousal promoting neurons in maintaining brain criticality across the sleep-wake cycle. J Neurosci 44(35):e1939232024. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1939-23.2024 PMID: 38951035

Objective: To investigate dynamics of θ- and δ-bursts during the sleep-wake cycle of rats with lesion in the wake-promoting locus coeruleus (LC).

Summary: The findings indicate that critical dynamics of θ- and δ-bursts arise from a balanced interplay of LC and ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), which maintains brain tuning to criticality across the sleep-wake cycle.

Usage: To confirm the efficacy of anti-DBH-SAP (IT-03) to kill noradrenergic-LC neurons and their fibers. 192 IgG-SAP (IT-01) was selected as an additional control because like anti-DBH-SAP it is a conjugate of a monoclonal antibody and saporin. Bilateral microinjection of 192-IgG-SAP and Anti-DBH-SAP were used at a volume of 0.3μL at a rate of 0.1μL/5 min using a pressure injector

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Langellotto MD, Rassu G, Serri C, Demartis S, Giunchedi P, Gavini E (2024) Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: a synergetic combination of a drug delivery system and a source of natural bioactive compounds. Springer Nature 11(3) doi: 10.1007/s13346-024-01698-4

Objective: This review intends to provide adequate tools for studying and developing drug delivery systems based on plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs).

Summary: Freeze-drying could be useful for preserving plant-derived exosomes at higher temperatures without affecting their size, morphology or other parameters. Still, it may reduce protein activity, as reported by Noguchi and coworkers, who observed a diminished biological activity of protein saporin after its encapsulation in EVs and freeze-drying.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Noguchi K, Hirano M, Hashimoto T, Yuba E, Takatani-Nakase T, Nakase I (2019) Effects of lyophilization of arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide-modified extracellular vesicles on intracellular delivery. Anticancer Res 39(12):6701-6709. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.13885 PMID: 31810935

Konofal E (2024) From past to future: 50 years of pharmacological interventions to treat narcolepsy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 241:173804. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173804 PMID: 38852786

Objective: This review article discusses the historical progression and transformative insights that have characterized the treatment of narcolepsy from its initial documentation to the present day.

Summary: The research continues to push the boundaries of what is known about this complex sleep disorder, the hope for treatments that can fundamentally alter the disease trajectory becomes increasingly tangible. This paradigm shift towards addressing the autoimmune, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative aspects of narcolepsy promises to revolutionize patient care.

Usage: See also these references using Orexin-B-SAP (IT-20) to create a narcoleptic-like rat model via LH lesions.

See Also:

• Gerashchenko D et al. Hypocretin-2-saporin lesions of the lateral hypothalamus produce narcoleptic-like sleep behavior in the rat. J Neurosci 21(18):7273-7283, 2001.
• Gerashchenko K et al. Effects of lateral hypothalamic lesion with the neurotoxin hypocretin-2-saporin on sleep in Long-Evans rats. Neuroscience 116:223-235, 2003.

Guo SS, Gong Y, Zhang TT, Su XY, Wu YJ, Yan YX, Cao Y, Song XL, Xie JC, Wu D, Jiang Q, Li Y, Zhao X, Zhu MX, Xu TL, Liu MG (2024) A thalamic nucleus reuniens-lateral septum-lateral hypothalamus circuit for comorbid anxiety-like behaviors in chronic itch. Sci Adv 10(33):eadn6272. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6272 PMID: 39150998

Objective: To investigate anxiety-like behaviors in mouse models of chronic itch and identify lateral septum (LS) GABAergic neurons as key mediators through thalamic and hypothalamic circuit interactions.

Summary: Chronic itch amplifies excitatory inputs from the thalamic nucleus reuniens to LS GABAergic neurons, promoting anxiety-like behaviors. Inhibiting the Re → LS circuit reduces anxiety related to chronic itch but not restraint stress, highlighting its specificity. LS GABAergic neurons suppress lateral hypothalamus activity to mediate chronic itch-induced anxiety, with Bombesin-SAP targeting spinal itch neurons to confirm this pathway’s role.

Usage: Mice were intrathecally injected with Bombesin-SAP (IT-40) (400 ng/5 μl). Blank-SAP (IT-21) (400 ng/5 μl) was administered similarly to a control.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Liu M, Zhou S, Cao Y, Yang K, Xiao Y, Wang W (2024) Characterization of MAP c21873-1 as a new counter-selectable marker for unmarked genetic modification of Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 23(1):224. doi: 10.1186/s12934-024-02496-w PMID: 39118053

Objective: To establish a new counter-selectable marker-based strategy for seamless modification with high efficiency and low toxicity.

Summary: Development of MAP c21873-1 as a novel counter-selectable marker which could perform efficient gene knock-in by site-directed HR.

Usage: MazF, c21873-1, c23467 and twenty-four RIPs were selected to construct a phylogenetic tree to investigate their relationships in the evolutionary history. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that c21873-1 and c23467 are closely relative to type I RIPs such as PAP-S and saporin (PR-01).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Kuroda K et al. Saporin toxin-conjugated monoclonal antibody targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen has potent anticancer activity. Prostate 70(12):1286-1294, 2010.

Zhang Q, Xue J, Tang J, Wu S, Liu Z, Wu C, Liu C, Liu Y, Lin J, Han J, Liu L, Chen Y, Yang J, Li Z, Zhao L, Wei Y, Li Y, Zhuo Y (2024) Modulating amacrine cell-derived dopamine signaling promotes optic nerve regeneration and preserves visual function. Sci Adv 10(31):eado0866. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ado0866 PMID: 39093964

Objective: To identify a unique subtype of amacrine cells (ACs), dopaminergic ACs (DACs), that respond early to optic nerve crush by downregulating neuronal activity and reducing retinal dopamine (DA) release.

Summary: Activation of DACs or augmentation of DA release using levodopa demonstrated neuroprotective effects and modestly enhanced axon regeneration. The dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) was also identified as a critical mediator of DAC-derived DA, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-specific DRD1 overexpression effectively overcame subtype-specific barriers to regeneration.

Usage: Immunostaining of retinal cryosections and whole mounts (1:1000) (AB-N39).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)

Zeynalzadeh E, Khodadadi E, Khodadadi E, Ahmadian Z, Kazeminava F, Rasoulzadehzali M, Samadi Kafil H (2024) Navigating the neurological frontier: Macromolecular marvels in overcoming blood-brain barrier challenges for advanced drug delivery. Heliyon 10(15):e35562. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35562 PMID: 39170552

Objective: To understand how nanoparticles interact with the blood-brain barrier.

Summary: Enhancing the bioavailability of nano formulations at the intended site is critical. The use of surface ligands that target brain endothelial cell receptors may improve BBB penetration. In summary, nanomaterials offer vast potential in the realm of brain-targeted therapies, from early detection to effective treatment.

Usage: Saporin (PR-01) was cited for protein toxin delivery as a therepeutic agent for BBB penetration.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Y.Jiang,W.Yang,J.Zhang,F.Meng,Z.Zhong, Protein toxin chaperoned by LRP-1-targeted virus-mimicking vesicles induces high-efficiency glioblastoma therapy in vivo,Adv.Mater.30(2018)1800316.

Islam S, Gleber-Netto FO, Mulcahy CF, Glaun MDE, Srivastava S, Hunt PJ, Williams MD, Barbon CE, Spiotto M, Zhao W, Adebayo A, Akhter S, Xie T, Debnath KC, Sathishkumar HN, Myers B, Lothumalla S, Yama I, Burks JK, Gomez J, Rao X, Wang J, Woodman K, Mansour J, Arenkiel B, Osman KL, Haxton C, Lever TE, Hutcheson KA, Amit M (2024) Neural landscape is associated with functional outcomes in irradiated patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Sco Transl Med 16:eabq5585. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq5585

Objective: To understand the correlation between neuronal changes and patient-reported and functional outcomes in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).

Summary: Tumor enrichment of adrenergic (TH+) and CGRP+ sensory–afferent nerves correlated with poorer swallowing outcomes. Functional electromyography recordings showed correlations between growing (GAP43+) and immature cholinergic (ChAT+DCX+) nerves and denervation patterns in survivors of OPSCC. A murine model of radiation-induced dysphagia further confirmed that immature cholinergic and CGRP+ nerves were correlated with impaired swallowing. The results suggest that CGRP+ and ChAT+ neuronal signaling play distinct roles in tumor- and radiation-induced dysphagia in OPSCC and offer a comprehensive dataset on the neural landscape of OPSCC.

Usage: 500 μg in 3 μl of alpha-CGRP-streptavidin-saporin (CGRP-SAP; #IT-94) and anti-ChAT-SAP (#IT-42) was stereotactically injected into the intraganglionic region over 3 min.

Related Products: CGRP-SAP (Cat. #IT-94), Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)