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Etonogestrel promotes respiratory recovery in an in vivo rat model of central chemoreflex impairment
Janes TA, Cardani S, Saini JK, Pagliardini S (2024) Etonogestrel promotes respiratory recovery in an in vivo rat model of central chemoreflex impairment. Acta Physiol (Oxf) e14093. doi: 10.1111/apha.14093 PMID: 38258900
Objective: Examine the use of progestins and synthetic progestins in the stimulation of breathing, especially after chemoreflexive impairment.
Summary: Central CO2 chemoreflex is important for respiratory control. The retrotrapezoid nucleus is involved in CO2 chemosensitivity where its removal or inhibition attenuates CO2 chemoreflexes and diminishes restful breathing. Progesterone stimulates restful breathing and CO2 chemoreflexes. The authors investigated whether acute or chronic administration of the progestinic drug, etonogestrel, could help in the recovery of respiratory chemoreflexes following lesion of the retrotrapezoid nucleus via a SP-SAP.
Usage: Rats were injected with 26-43.3 ng/ul of SP-SAP (IT-11) or 46.7 ng/ul of Blank-SAP (IT-21), with 150 nl per injection.
Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Characterizing a new tool to manipulate area postrema GLP1R+ neurons across species
Fulton S, Horn CC, Zhang C (2024) Characterizing a new tool to manipulate area postrema GLP1R+ neurons across species. Physiol Behav 114474. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114474 PMID: 38272107
Objective: Characterize the ligand exenatide conjugated to saporin as a tool to ablate GLP1 receptor-expressing cells from human, mice, and shrews, a small animal model capable of emesis (vomiting).
Summary: Nausea is a distressing sensation that is a common side effect of many medications. Nausea and emesis are among the top adverse side effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) receptor (GLP1R) agonists-based medications to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. The area postrema is a brain structure that mediates nausea effects. The authors provide characterization of Ex4-SAP (GLP-1-SAP) to specifically ablate GLP1R-expressing HEK293T cells in vitro and in area postrema neurons in mice and house musk shrews in vivo.
Usage: C57BL-6J mice were injected with Ex4-SAP (IT-90) or Blank-Streptavidin-SAP at 200 ng/ul, in a total of 400 nl at a rate of 2 nl/second. Musk shrews were injected with Ex4-SAP (IT-90) or Blank-Streptavidin-SAP at 500 ng/ul, in a total of 200 nl at a rate of 2 nl/second.
Related Products: Ex4-SAP (GLP-1-SAP) (Cat. #IT-90), Blank-Streptavidin-SAP (Cat. #IT-27B)
Regulation of ethanol-mediated dopamine elevation by glycine receptors located on cholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens
Loftén A, Adermark L, Ericson M, Söderpalm B (2023) Regulation of ethanol-mediated dopamine elevation by glycine receptors located on cholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens. Addict Biol 28(12):e13349. doi: 10.1111/adb.13349 PMID: 38017639
Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the role of glycine receptors (GlyRs) on cholinergic interneurons (CIN) in sustaining extracellular dopamine levels and in ethanol-induced dopamine release.
Summary: Alcohol use disorder is one of the major psychiatric disorders worldwide. Ethanol reward is one of the many factors contributing to the disorder. The rewarding and reinforcing properties of ethanol have been linked to activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system, an effect that involves glycine receptors (GlyRs) in the nucleus accumbens. The study suggests that CIN are not important for GlyR-mediated regulation of basal dopamine output, but that CIN ablation blunts the ethanol-induced dopamine release by reducing the release of GlyR agonists.
Usage: CIN were ablated by Anti-ChAT-SAP administered locally in the nucleus accumbens of male Wistar rats. Rabbit-IgG-SAP was used as a control. Microinfusion was performed unilaterally into the nAc at a concentration of 0.5 ug/ul at 0.05 ul/min for 10 min for a total of 0.5 ul.
Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)
Gastric vagal afferent signaling to the basolateral amygdala mediates anxiety-like behaviors in experimental colitis mice
Chen CH, Tsai TC, Wu YJ, Hsu KS (2023) Gastric vagal afferent signaling to the basolateral amygdala mediates anxiety-like behaviors in experimental colitis mice. JCI Insight e161874. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.161874 PMID: 37200091
Objective: This study aimed to characterize gut-to-brain signaling and brain circuitry responsible for anxiety-like behaviors in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease.
Summary: The researchers found that mice with experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium administration displayed increased anxiety-like behaviors, which were prevented by cutting the vagus nerve connecting the gut to the brain. Further experiments showed that silencing brain cells in the locus coeruleus that project to the basolateral amygdala reduced anxiety behaviors in the colitis mice.
Usage: CCK-SAP (250 ng/µl) or Blank-SAP (250 ng/µl) were unilaterally or bilaterally injected to rostral (0.5 µl) and caudal (0.5 µl) parts of the nodose ganglia using a beveled injection pipette controlled by a microprocessor-controlled injector at the speed of 50 nl/sec.
Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
The basal forebrain volume reduction detected by MRI does not necessarily link with the cholinergic neuronal loss in the Alzheimer’s disease mouse model
Zhou XA, Ngiam G, Qian L, Sankorrakul K, Coulson EJ, Chuang KH (2022) The basal forebrain volume reduction detected by MRI does not necessarily link with the cholinergic neuronal loss in the Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 117:24-32. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.017 PMID: 35640461
Objective: Assess basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neuron number by histological counts and compare with the volume measurements from an in vivo MRI Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse model.
Summary: Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the BF contributes to cognitive impairment in AD. A decrease of BF volume measured by structural MRI is thought to represent loss of cholinergic neurons. As there are various types of neurons in the BF, whether this MRI measurement actually reflects the change of cholinergic neurons has not been verified. To test whether specific loss of cholinergic neurons results in BF reduction, the authors ablated cholinergic neurons in the Medial septum.
Usage: Lesions were made via injections of mu-p75-SAP (0.5 mg/ml) or control Rabbit-IgG-SAP (0.5 mg/mL) into ten-week-old female C57Bl/6J mice. However, there was no detectable change in MRI volume between lesioned and unlesioned mice. The results indicate that although loss of cholinergic neurons within the BF likely contribute to volume loss, this change in volume cannot be taken as a direct biomarker of cholinergic neuron number.
Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)
Stimulation of the muscarinic receptor M4 activates quiescent neural precursor cells and ameliorates medial septum cholinergic lesion-induced impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis
Madrid LI, Bandhavkar S, Hafey K, Jimenez-Martin J, Milne M, Coulson EJ, Jhaveri DJ (2022) Stimulation of the muscarinic receptor M4 activates quiescent neural precursor cells and ameliorates medial septum cholinergic lesion-induced impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. bioRxiv 2022.08.25.505357. doi: 10.1101/2022.08.25.505357
Objective: To investigate the contribution of basal forebrain medial septum (MS) and diagonal band of Broca (DBB) cholinergic neurons that innervate the hippocampus and the identity of the cholinergic receptor(s) that regulate the production and maturation of new neurons.
Summary: This work reveals stage-specific roles of cholinergic signaling in regulating functionally relevant adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
Usage: Medial septum cholinergic lesion was achieved by infusion of mu p75-SAP (0.4 µg/µl). Rabbit IgG-SAP (0.4 µg/µl) was used as control.
Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)
Neural pathway for gut feelings: vagal interoceptive feedback from the gastrointestinal tract is a critical modulator of anxiety-like behavior
Krieger JP, Asker M, Van der Velden P, Börchers S, Richard JE, Maric I, Longo F, Singh A, De Larigue G, Skibicka KP (2022) Neural pathway for gut feelings: vagal interoceptive feedback from the gastrointestinal tract is a critical modulator of anxiety-like behavior. Biological Psychiatry in press. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.020
Objective: To determine how the sensing of gastrointestinal state affects anxiety.
Summary: Vagal sensory signals from the gastrointestinal tract are critical for baseline and feeding-induced tuning of anxiety via the central amygdala in rats. The article results suggest vagal gut-brain signaling as a target to normalize interoception in anxiety.
Usage: 1.5 ul of CCK-SAP or Blank-SAP were delivered into each nodose ganglion at 250 ng/ul.
Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Featured Article: Selective ablation of IB4+ primary afferent neurons reduces mechanical and cold hyperalgesia in an EAE mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Nguyen KL, Lamerand SR, Deshpande RP, Taylor BK (2021) Featured Article: Selective ablation of IB4+ primary afferent neurons reduces mechanical and cold hyperalgesia in an EAE mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Targeting Trends 22
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.
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Oxytocin-conjugated saporin injected into the substantia nigra of male rats alters the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: A behavioral and neurochemical study
Sanna F, Bratzu J, Angioni L, Pina Sorighe M, Cocco C, Argiolas A, Melis MR (2021) Oxytocin-conjugated saporin injected into the substantia nigra of male rats alters the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: A behavioral and neurochemical study. Brain Res 1773:147705. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147705 PMID: 34744015
Objective: To investigate the effects of Oxytocin-SAP in the substantia nigra of male rats, and assess its impact on nigral Tyrosine Hydroxylase-immunoreactivity, dopamine content, locomotor activity, rotational turning, and striatal dopamine function.
Summary: Researchers investigated the effects of injecting oxytocin-conjugated Saporin into the substantia nigra of male rats. They found that this treatment led to changes in the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, as evidenced by alterations in behavior and neurochemical markers associated with dopamine function.
Usage: Oxytocin-SAP (60 ng/μl and 120 ng/μl) was injected unilaterally into the substantia nigra of male rats, respectively, compared to Blank-SAP.
Related Products: Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Cholinergic modulation of sensory processing in awake mouse cortex
Jimenez-Martin J, Potapov D, Potapov K, Knöpfel T, Empson RM (2021) Cholinergic modulation of sensory processing in awake mouse cortex. Sci Rep 11(1):17525. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96696-8
Objective: To decipher the timing and significance of acetylcholine actions.
Summary: Study provides new insights into how the cortex processes sensory information and how loss of acetylcholine, for example in Alzheimer’s Disease, disrupts sensory behaviours.
Usage: Focal cortical injection of mu p75-SAP or Rabbit IgG-SAP (1.7 mg/ml, 0.3 µl total volume, rate 0.075 µl/minute).
Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)
The deletion of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus disrupts the diurnal feeding pattern and induces hyperphagia and obesity
Maejima Y, Yokota S, Shimizu M, Horita S, Kobayashi D, Hazama A, Shimomura K (2021) The deletion of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus disrupts the diurnal feeding pattern and induces hyperphagia and obesity. Nutr Metab (Lond) 18(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s12986-021-00582-z
Summary: Feeding rhythm disruption contributes to the development of obesity. GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are expressed in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) which are known to be associated with thermogenesis and circadian rhythm development. These findings suggest that GLP-1R expressing neurons in the DMH may mediate feeding termination.
Usage: Exenatide-SAP targets GLP-1R expressing cells. Injections of 0.1 μg/0.5 μl Ex4-SAP or 0.1 μg/0.5 μl Blank-SAP (control) were administered into the DMH.
Related Products: Ex4-SAP (GLP-1-SAP) (Cat. #IT-90), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
An acetylcholine-dopamine interaction in the nucleus accumbens and its involvement in ethanol’s dopamine-releasing effect.
Loftén A, Adermark L, Ericson M, Söderpalm B (2021) An acetylcholine-dopamine interaction in the nucleus accumbens and its involvement in ethanol’s dopamine-releasing effect. Addict Biol 26(3):e12959. doi: 10.1111/adb.12959
Summary: Basal extracellular levels of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens are not sustained by muscarinic acetylcholine, whereas accumbal Cholinergic interneurons-ACh are involved in mediating ethanol-induced dopamine release.
Usage: Anti-ChAT-SAP or Rabbit IgG-SAP were infused at a flow rate of 0.05 μl/min for 10 min giving a total volume of 0.5 μl.
Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)
Central opioid receptors mediate morphine-induced itch and chronic itch via disinhibition
Wang Z, Jiang C, Yao H, Chen O, Rahman S, Gu Y, Zhao J, Huh Y, Ji RR (2021) Central opioid receptors mediate morphine-induced itch and chronic itch via disinhibition. Brain 144(2):665-681. doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa430
Summary: Itch is a common side effect of opioids, particularly as a result of epidural or intrathecal administration. Notably, morphine-elicited itch was suppressed by intrathecal administration of NPY and abolished by spinal ablation of GRPR+ neurons with intrathecal injection of Bombesin-SAP.
Usage: For ablation of GRPR+ neurons, mice were given an intrathecal injection of 400 ng Bombesin-SAP or Blank-SAP (control) 10 days before behavioral testing.
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Identification of prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator (PTGFRN) as an internalizable target in cancer cells for antibody-drug conjugate development
Marquez J, Dong J, Dong C, Tian C, Serrero G (2021) Identification of prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator (PTGFRN) as an internalizable target in cancer cells for antibody-drug conjugate development. PLoS One 16(1):e0246197. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246197
Summary: PTGFRN is a cell-surface protein that is upregulated in certain cancer types, including head and neck and, notably, pediatric medulloblastoma, an aggressive cancer with limited therapeutic options. With the selection of the mouse monoclonal antibody 33B7, the authors identified PTGFRN as a potential therapy target, and show that it is internalized by incubation with 33B7. Purified 33B7 antibody was sent to Advanced Targeting Systems where saporin was directly conjugated to the Fc region of 33B7 using their proprietary cleavable linker.
Usage: In a 96-well plate, 2000 cells/well were plated in triplicate in 100 μL of DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 2.5% FBS, 0.4 ug/ml 33B7 antibody, and 0.9ug/ml of Fab-ZAP mouse. As an isotype control, cells were incubated with mouse Fab IgG-SAP as control (instead of 33B7) and Fab-ZAP.
Related Products: Fab-ZAP mouse (Cat. #IT-48), Fab IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-67), Custom Conjugates
BNP facilitates NMB-mediated histaminergic itch via NPRC-NMBR crosstalk
Meng QT, Liu XY, Liu XT, Barry DM, Jin H, Sun Y, Yang Q, Wan L, Jin JH, Shen kF, Munanairi A, Kim R, Yin J, Tao A, Chen ZF (2021) BNP facilitates NMB-mediated histaminergic itch via NPRC-NMBR crosstalk. bioRxiv 2021.01.26.428310. doi: 10.1101/2021.01.26.428310
Related Products: Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Oxytocin influences male sexual activity via non-synaptic axonal release in the spinal cord.
Oti T, Satoh K, Uta D, Nagafuchi J, Tateishi S, Ueda R, Takanami K, Young LJ, Galione A, Morris JF, Sakamoto T, Sakamoto H (2021) Oxytocin influences male sexual activity via non-synaptic axonal release in the spinal cord. Curr Biol 31(1):103-114.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.089
Summary: Oxytocin directly activates SEG (Spinal Ejaculation Generator)/GRP (Gastrin-Releasing Peptide) neurons via OXTRs (Oxytocin Receptors) and influences male sexual function in the rat lumbar spinal cord.
Usage: Oxytocin-SAP (4 or 40 ng) was infused slowly into the L3 and L4 spinal cord. Blank-SAP was used as control.
Related Products: Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Adrenergic supersensitivity and impaired neural control of cardiac electrophysiology following regional cardiac sympathetic nerve loss
Tapa S, Wang L, Francis Stuart SD, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Habecker BA, Ripplinger CM (2020) Adrenergic supersensitivity and impaired neural control of cardiac electrophysiology following regional cardiac sympathetic nerve loss. Sci Rep 10:18801. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75903-y
Summary: The authors present a novel mouse model of regional cardiac sympathetic hypo-innervation utilizing Anti-DBH-SAP.
Usage: Either 5μL of 40 ng/μL Anti-DBH-SAP or Mouse IgG-SAP (control) was applied three times directly to the exposed apical/anterior surface of the heart.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)
Antibody-drug conjugates targeting CD45 plus Janus kinase inhibitors effectively condition for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Persaud SP, Ritchey JK, Choi J, Ruminski PG, Cooper ML, Rettig MP, DiPersio JF (2020) Antibody-drug conjugates targeting CD45 plus Janus kinase inhibitors effectively condition for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. bioRxiv 2020.10.02.324475. doi: 10.1101/2020.10.02.324475
Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27), Blank-Streptavidin-SAP (Cat. #IT-27B)
Spinal GRPR and NPRA contribute to chronic itch in a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis.
Liu X, Wang D, Wen Y, Zeng L, Li Y, Tao T, Zhao Z, Tao A (2020) Spinal GRPR and NPRA contribute to chronic itch in a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 140(9):1856-1866.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.016
Objective: The authors investigated the peripheral and spinal mechanisms responsible for prolonged itch in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) induced by squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE).
Summary: Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA) may provide effective treatments for ACD associated chronic pruritus.
Usage: A single dose of Bombesin-SAP (400 ng) and Blank-SAP (400 ng) or two doses of Nppb-SAP (BNP-SAP; 650 ng) and Blank-SAP (650 ng) were administered via intrathecal injection.
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
GRP receptor and AMPA receptor cooperatively regulate itch-responsive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn.
Kiguchi N, Uta D, Ding H, Uchida H, Saika F, Matsuzaki S, Fukazawa Y, Abe M, Sakimura K, Ko MC, Kishioka S (2020) GRP receptor and AMPA receptor cooperatively regulate itch-responsive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Neuropharmacology 170:108025. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108025
Objective: To investigate the mechanisms for the activation of itch-responsive GRPR+ neurons in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH).
Summary: These findings demonstrate that GRP and glutamate cooperatively regulate GRPR+ AMPAR+ neurons in SDH, mediating itch sensation. GRP–GRPR and the glutamate–AMPAR system may play pivotal roles in the spinal transmission of itch in rodents and nonhuman primates.
Usage: Bombesin-SAP and Blank-SAP were administered i.t. (5 μg/5 μl).
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)