References

Nakano T, Okita K, Okazaki S, Yoshimoto S, Masuko S, Yagi H, Kato K, Tomioka Y, Imai K, Hamada Y, Masuko K, Shimada-Takaura K, Nagai N, Saya H, Arai T, Ishiwata T, Masuko T (2025) CD44v, S1PR1, HER3, MET and cancer-associated amino acid transporters are promising targets for the pancreatic cancers characterized using mAb. FEBS Open Bio doi: 10.1002/2211-5463.13963 PMID: 39757718

Objective: To analyze pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) using novel rat mAbs against membrane proteins in conjunction with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry

Summary: Internalization of membrane proteins by mAbs and growth inhibition by toxin-linked mAbs were demonstrated in many PDAC cell lines, and mAbs against S1PR1, ASCT2, HER3 and CD44v inhibited the growth of xenografted MIA PaCa-2PDAC cells. Furthermore, CD44v-high PDAC showed high mRNA expression of HER1–3, MET and CD44v, and was correlated with poor prognosis. Taken together, the results suggest that CD44v, S1PR1, HER3, MET and the above-mentioned cancer-associated amino acid transporters might be promising targets for the diagnosis and treatment of PDAC.

Usage: Growth inhibition by rat mAbs against PDAC cell lines with secondary antibodies conjugated to saporin (PR-01). Rat mAb solution (4 ug/mL), a PDAC cell suspension and Saporin-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG pAb (Rat-ZAP, IT-26 at 4 ug/mL) were added to each well of 96-well plates.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Rat-ZAP (Cat. #IT-26)

Dogrul BN, Dogrul BN, Machado Kopruszinski C, Dolatyari Eslami M, Watanabe M, Luo S, Moreira de Souza LH, Vizin RL, Yue X, Palmiter RD, Navratilova E, Porreca F (2025) Descending facilitation from rostral ventromedial medulla mu opioid receptor-expressing neurons is necessary for maintenance of sensory and affective dimensions of chronic neuropathic pain. Pain 166(1):153-159. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003360 PMID: 39058958

Objective: To determine whether rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) mu opioid receptor (MOR)–expressing neurons are required for the expression and maintenance of established neuropathic pain.

Summary: Using chemogenetic silencing of MOR-expressing neurons, the study showed that inhibition of RVM-MOR cells reversibly reduces tactile allodynia and the affective component of neuropathic pain, demonstrating that descending facilitation from these neurons sustains chronic pain. The authors reference earlier findings using Dermorphin-SAP to confirm that complete ablation of MOR-expressing RVM neurons prevents neuropathic pain development without affecting acute surgical pain.

Usage: Dermorphin-SAP (IT-12) was referenced from prior studies as a method for selective ablation of MOR-expressing RVM neurons that prevented mechanical allodynia following spinal nerve ligation.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)

See Also:

• Porreca F et al. Inhibition of neuropathic pain by selective ablation of brainstem medullary cells expressing the µ-opioid receptor. J Neurosci 21(14):5281-5288, 2001.

Yin S, Tao Y, Li T, Li C, Cui Y, Zhang Y, Yin S, Zhao L, Hu P, Cui L, Wu Y, He Y, Yu S, Chen J, Lu S, Qiu G, Song M, Hou Q, Qian C, Zou Z, Xu S, Yu Y (2024) Itaconate facilitates viral infection via alkylating GDI2 and retaining Rab GTPase on the membrane. Signal Transduct Target Ther 9(1):371. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-02077-8 PMID: 39730330

Objective: To demonstrate that the IRG1-itaconate axis facilitates the infections of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) in macrophages and epithelial cells via Rab GTPases redistribution.

Summary: The study reveals that neutrophils-derived itaconate facilitates viral infection via redistribution of Rab GTPases, suggesting potential targets for antiviral therapy.

Usage: Immunofluorescence: cells were fixed in PBS solution containing 4% formaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.2% saporin (PR-01) along with a mixture of 5% BSA and 10% FCS

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Vringer M, Zhou J, Gool JK, Bijlenga D, Lammers GJ, Fronczek R, Schinkelshoek MS (2024) Recent insights into the pathophysiology of narcolepsy type 1. Sleep Med Rev 78:101993. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101993 PMID: 39241492

Objective: To focus on recent insights into Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) pathophysiology, discussing structural and functional changes, immune system involvement, genetic findings, and future perspectives for the pathophysiology and treatment options.

Summary: Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is one of the central disorders of the hypersomnolence and results from hypocretin (Hcrt, also nown as orexin) deficiency in the brain. The development of HcrtR2-specific or dual HcrtR1 and HcrtR2 agonists, has shown promising results in pre-clinical and clinical trials. These agonists can potentially become the first drugs to directly target the Hcrt system and replace the shortage of Hcrt in NT1.

Usage: Hcrt-2 conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating toxic protein saporin (Orexin-SAP, Cat #IT-20) eliminated up to 90% of Hcrt neurons but also caused significant loss of neighboring neuronal cells, such as Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Wang D, Wei SN, Zhang L, Lang ZC, Wang SN, Cheng B, Lu Y, Wang X, Wang W, Li FS, Zhang H (2024) Impaired basal forebrain cholinergic neuron gdnf signaling contributes to perioperative sleep deprivation–induced chronicity of postsurgical pain in mice through regulating cholinergic neuronal activity, apoptosis, and autophagy. CNS Nerusci Ther doi: 10.1111/cns.70147 PMID: 39639706

Objective: This study investigated the roles of lateral basal forebrain glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The authors researched GDNF and the associated signaling and cholinergic neuron activity, apoptosis, and autophagy dysfunction in sleep deprivation–induced increased risk of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) in mice.

Summary: Perioperative sleep deprivation promotes chronicity of postsurgical pain possibly through decreasing basal forebrain GDNF signaling and causing cholinergic neuronal apoptosis and autophagy dysfunction.

Usage: To ablate the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, 0.4μg/μL of mu p75-SAP (IT-16) in 0.6μL phosphate-buffered saline was used 3 weeks before the Skin/Muscle Incision and Retraction modeling.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Lewis RD, Keilholz AN, Smith CL, Burd EA, Nichols NL (2024) Spinal TNF-α receptor 1 is differentially required for phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF) over the course of motor neuron death in adult rats. Front Physiol 15 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1488951 PMID: 39703667

Objective: To study the impact motor neuron death has on the output of surviving phrenic motor neurons as well as the compensatory mechanisms that are recruited.

Summary: Results revealed that TNFR1 expression was increased on phrenic motor neurons of 28d CTB-SAP rats, and that astrocytes were increased and exhibited reactive morphology in the phrenic motor nucleus of CTB-SAP rats. This work suggests that TNFR1 could be used as a potential therapeutic agent in CTB-SAP rats and patients with respiratory motor neuron disease.

Usage: Intrapleural injection of CTB-SAP (25μg dissolved in PBS) to target respiratory motor neurons.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Shivakumar AB, Mehak SF, Gupta A, Gangadharan G (2024) Medial septal cholinergic neurotransmission is essential for social memory in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 136:111207. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111207 PMID: 39615870

Objective: To identify the physiological link between medial septal dependent cholinergic theta oscillations in the hippocampus and social memory behavior.

Summary: Selective ablation of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum (MS) impaired social memory in mice, while their sociability and social novelty remained intact. Additionally, these mice showed an attenuation of cholinergic theta oscillations (3–7Hz) in the hippocampal dorsal CA2 (dCA2) region. Furthermore, enhancing dCA2 theta oscillations by elevating cholinergic signaling using acetylcholinesterase inhibitor rescued social memory deficit. Together, these results indicate that 1) medial septal cholinergic neurons are essential for modulating social memory and 2) cholinergic hippocampal theta oscillations contribute to social memory processes.

Usage: Ablation of cholinergic neurons in the MS using mu-p75-SAP (IT-16, 0.2μg/0.5μl).

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Morishata Y, Fuentes I, Gonzalez-Salinas S, Favate J, Mejaes J, Zushida K, Nishi A, Hevi C, Goldsmith N, Buyske S, Sillivan SE, Miller CA, Kandel ER, Uchida S, Shah P, Alarcon JM, Barker DJ, Shumyatsky GP (2024) Dopamine release and dopamine-related gene expression in the amygdala are modulated by the gastrin-releasing peptide in opposite directions during stress-enhanced fear learning and extinction. Molexular Psychiatry doi: 10.1038/s41380-024-02843-8 PMID: 39580604

Objective: To investigate neural circuits serving the dopamine function for fear extinction and PTSD.

Summary: Results demonstrate that gastrin-releasing peptide regulates dopamine function in stress-enhanced fear processing and identifies Grp as the first gene known to regulate dopaminergic control of fear extinction.

Usage: Bombesin-SAP (IT-40) or Blank-SAP (IT-21) (80 ng/µl) dissolved in saline were injected bilaterally into the basolateral amygdala (AP: -2.0 mm, ML: ±3.25 mm, DV: -4.3 mm) in 0.3 µl volume.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Sun Y, Wu X, Li J, Radiom M, Mezzenga R, Verma CS, Yu J, Miserez A (2024) Phase-separating peptide coacervates with programmable material properties for universal intracellular delivery of macromolecules. Nat Commun 15(1):10094. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54463-z PMID: 39572548

Objective: To systematically manipulate the sequence of Phase-separating peptides (PSPs) to unravel the relationships between their molecular structure, the physical properties of the resulting coacervate microdroplets (CMs), and their delivery efficacy.

Summary: A few amino acid alterations are sufficient to modulate the viscoelastic properties of CMs towards either a gel-like or a liquid-like state as well as their binding interaction with cellular membranes, collectively enabling to tune the kinetics of intracellular cargo release. The authors also demonstrated that the optimized PSPs CMs display excellent transfection efficiency in hard-to-transfect cells such as primary fibroblasts and immune cells.

Usage: The cytotoxicity of the saporin-loaded (at various concentrations) or pristine CMs were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Kato K, Serizawa R, Yokoyama T, Nakamuta N, Yamamoto Y (2024) Fos expression in A1/C1 neurons of rats exposed to hypoxia, hypercapnia, or hypercapnic hypoxia. Neurosci Lett 843:138024. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.138024

Objective: To compare the distribution of Fos expression in catecholaminergic neurons with immunoreactivity for dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) of the ventrolateral medulla exposed to hypoxia (10%O2), hypercapnia(8%CO2), and hypercapnic hypoxia (8%CO2and10%O2)

Summary: The number of double-immunoreactive neurons in hypercapnic hypoxia-exposed rats was comparable to that in the control group. The present results suggest that adrenergic C1 neurons are specifically activated by hypoxia and are involved in the regulation of respiratory and circulatory functions.

Usage: A previous study reported that cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxic exposure (8%O2), such as hyperventilation and tachycardia, disappeared after the injury of C1 neurons by an injection of the immunotoxin anti-DBH-saporin into the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

See Also:

• Malheiros-Lima M et al. Depletion of rostral ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic neurons impairs the hypoxic ventilatory response in conscious rats. Neuroscience 351:1-14, 2017.