References

Langellotto MD, Rassu G, Serri C, Demartis S, Giunchedi P, Gavini E (2024) Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: a synergetic combination of a drug delivery system and a source of natural bioactive compounds. Springer Nature 11(3) doi: 10.1007/s13346-024-01698-4

Objective: This review intends to provide adequate tools for studying and developing drug delivery systems based on plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs).

Summary: Freeze-drying could be useful for preserving plant-derived exosomes at higher temperatures without affecting their size, morphology or other parameters. Still, it may reduce protein activity, as reported by Noguchi and coworkers, who observed a diminished biological activity of protein saporin after its encapsulation in EVs and freeze-drying.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Noguchi K, Hirano M, Hashimoto T, Yuba E, Takatani-Nakase T, Nakase I (2019) Effects of lyophilization of arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide-modified extracellular vesicles on intracellular delivery. Anticancer Res 39(12):6701-6709. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.13885 PMID: 31810935

Konofal E (2024) From past to future: 50 years of pharmacological interventions to treat narcolepsy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 241:173804. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173804 PMID: 38852786

Objective: This review article discusses the historical progression and transformative insights that have characterized the treatment of narcolepsy from its initial documentation to the present day.

Summary: The research continues to push the boundaries of what is known about this complex sleep disorder, the hope for treatments that can fundamentally alter the disease trajectory becomes increasingly tangible. This paradigm shift towards addressing the autoimmune, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative aspects of narcolepsy promises to revolutionize patient care.

Usage: See also these references using Orexin-B-SAP (IT-20) to create a narcoleptic-like rat model via LH lesions.

See Also:

• Gerashchenko D et al. Hypocretin-2-saporin lesions of the lateral hypothalamus produce narcoleptic-like sleep behavior in the rat. J Neurosci 21(18):7273-7283, 2001.
• Gerashchenko K et al. Effects of lateral hypothalamic lesion with the neurotoxin hypocretin-2-saporin on sleep in Long-Evans rats. Neuroscience 116:223-235, 2003.

Guo SS, Gong Y, Zhang TT, Su XY, Wu YJ, Yan YX, Cao Y, Song XL, Xie JC, Wu D, Jiang Q, Li Y, Zhao X, Zhu MX, Xu TL, Liu MG (2024) A thalamic nucleus reuniens-lateral septum-lateral hypothalamus circuit for comorbid anxiety-like behaviors in chronic itch. Sci Adv 10(33):eadn6272. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6272 PMID: 39150998

Objective: To investigate anxiety-like behaviors in mouse models of chronic itch and identify lateral septum (LS) GABAergic neurons as key mediators through thalamic and hypothalamic circuit interactions.

Summary: Chronic itch amplifies excitatory inputs from the thalamic nucleus reuniens to LS GABAergic neurons, promoting anxiety-like behaviors. Inhibiting the Re → LS circuit reduces anxiety related to chronic itch but not restraint stress, highlighting its specificity. LS GABAergic neurons suppress lateral hypothalamus activity to mediate chronic itch-induced anxiety, with Bombesin-SAP targeting spinal itch neurons to confirm this pathway’s role.

Usage: Mice were intrathecally injected with Bombesin-SAP (IT-40) (400 ng/5 μl). Blank-SAP (IT-21) (400 ng/5 μl) was administered similarly to a control.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Liu M, Zhou S, Cao Y, Yang K, Xiao Y, Wang W (2024) Characterization of MAP c21873-1 as a new counter-selectable marker for unmarked genetic modification of Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 23(1):224. doi: 10.1186/s12934-024-02496-w PMID: 39118053

Objective: To establish a new counter-selectable marker-based strategy for seamless modification with high efficiency and low toxicity.

Summary: Development of MAP c21873-1 as a novel counter-selectable marker which could perform efficient gene knock-in by site-directed HR.

Usage: MazF, c21873-1, c23467 and twenty-four RIPs were selected to construct a phylogenetic tree to investigate their relationships in the evolutionary history. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that c21873-1 and c23467 are closely relative to type I RIPs such as PAP-S and saporin (PR-01).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Kuroda K et al. Saporin toxin-conjugated monoclonal antibody targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen has potent anticancer activity. Prostate 70(12):1286-1294, 2010.

Zhang Q, Xue J, Tang J, Wu S, Liu Z, Wu C, Liu C, Liu Y, Lin J, Han J, Liu L, Chen Y, Yang J, Li Z, Zhao L, Wei Y, Li Y, Zhuo Y (2024) Modulating amacrine cell-derived dopamine signaling promotes optic nerve regeneration and preserves visual function. Sci Adv 10(31):eado0866. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ado0866 PMID: 39093964

Objective: To identify a unique subtype of amacrine cells (ACs), dopaminergic ACs (DACs), that respond early to optic nerve crush by downregulating neuronal activity and reducing retinal dopamine (DA) release.

Summary: Activation of DACs or augmentation of DA release using levodopa demonstrated neuroprotective effects and modestly enhanced axon regeneration. The dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) was also identified as a critical mediator of DAC-derived DA, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-specific DRD1 overexpression effectively overcame subtype-specific barriers to regeneration.

Usage: Immunostaining of retinal cryosections and whole mounts (1:1000) (AB-N39).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)

Zeynalzadeh E, Khodadadi E, Khodadadi E, Ahmadian Z, Kazeminava F, Rasoulzadehzali M, Samadi Kafil H (2024) Navigating the neurological frontier: Macromolecular marvels in overcoming blood-brain barrier challenges for advanced drug delivery. Heliyon 10(15):e35562. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35562 PMID: 39170552

Objective: To understand how nanoparticles interact with the blood-brain barrier.

Summary: Enhancing the bioavailability of nano formulations at the intended site is critical. The use of surface ligands that target brain endothelial cell receptors may improve BBB penetration. In summary, nanomaterials offer vast potential in the realm of brain-targeted therapies, from early detection to effective treatment.

Usage: Saporin (PR-01) was cited for protein toxin delivery as a therepeutic agent for BBB penetration.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Y.Jiang,W.Yang,J.Zhang,F.Meng,Z.Zhong, Protein toxin chaperoned by LRP-1-targeted virus-mimicking vesicles induces high-efficiency glioblastoma therapy in vivo,Adv.Mater.30(2018)1800316.

Islam S, Gleber-Netto FO, Mulcahy CF, Glaun MDE, Srivastava S, Hunt PJ, Williams MD, Barbon CE, Spiotto M, Zhao W, Adebayo A, Akhter S, Xie T, Debnath KC, Sathishkumar HN, Myers B, Lothumalla S, Yama I, Burks JK, Gomez J, Rao X, Wang J, Woodman K, Mansour J, Arenkiel B, Osman KL, Haxton C, Lever TE, Hutcheson KA, Amit M (2024) Neural landscape is associated with functional outcomes in irradiated patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Sco Transl Med 16:eabq5585. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq5585

Objective: To understand the correlation between neuronal changes and patient-reported and functional outcomes in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).

Summary: Tumor enrichment of adrenergic (TH+) and CGRP+ sensory–afferent nerves correlated with poorer swallowing outcomes. Functional electromyography recordings showed correlations between growing (GAP43+) and immature cholinergic (ChAT+DCX+) nerves and denervation patterns in survivors of OPSCC. A murine model of radiation-induced dysphagia further confirmed that immature cholinergic and CGRP+ nerves were correlated with impaired swallowing. The results suggest that CGRP+ and ChAT+ neuronal signaling play distinct roles in tumor- and radiation-induced dysphagia in OPSCC and offer a comprehensive dataset on the neural landscape of OPSCC.

Usage: 500 μg in 3 μl of alpha-CGRP-streptavidin-saporin (CGRP-SAP; #IT-94) and anti-ChAT-SAP (#IT-42) was stereotactically injected into the intraganglionic region over 3 min.

Related Products: CGRP-SAP (Cat. #IT-94), Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)

Shanahan SL, Kunder N, Inaku C, Hagan NB, Gibbons G, Mathey-Andrews N, Anandappa G, Soares S, Pauken KE, Jacks T, Schenkel JM (2024) Longitudinal intravascular antibody labeling identified regulatory t cell recruitment as a therapeutic target in a mouse model of lung cancer. J Immunol ji2400268. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2400268 PMID: 39082930

Objective: To develop an intravascular antibody technique to label circulating mouse leukocytes before they migrate to tissues, providing unprecedented insight into the kinetics of recruitment.

Summary: Leukocyte trafficking depended on the integrins CD11a/CD49d, and CD11a/CD49d blockade led to significant tumor burden reduction in mice. Preventing circulating Treg recruitment through depletion or sequestration in lymph nodes was sufficient to decrease tumor burden, indicating that Treg migration was crucial for suppressing antitumor immunity.

Usage: To deplete circulating Tregs, mice were treated every other day with 20mg of Anti-CD25 SAP (IT-29) for 6 days.

Related Products: Anti-CD25-SAP mouse (Cat. #IT-29)

Wang Y, Zou R, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Peng C, Liu Y, Tan H, Fu Q, Ding M (2024) Unraveling mechanisms of protein encapsulation and release in coacervates via molecular dynamics and machine learning. Chem Sci doi: 10.1039/D4SC03061C

Objective: To investigate bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein encapsulation and release within polylysine/polyglutamate (PLys/PGlu) coacervates and to conduct simulations of the coacervate encapsulation of saporin, lysozyme, actin, and EGFP proteins in the LG, GL and SIM sequence to explore the potential extension of the ingredient addition sequence effect to other proteins.

Summary: Findings emphasize the importance of ingredient addition sequence in coacervate formation and encapsulation rates, attributed to preference contact between oppositely charged proteins and poly(amino acid)s. Notably, coacervates composed of b-sheet poly(amino acid)s demonstrate greater BSA encapsulation efficiency due to their reduced entropy and flexibility. The positively charged saporin and lysozyme protein exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency when first combined with PGlu, followed by the addition of PLys.

Usage: The authors conducted simulations of the coacervate encapsulation of saporin (PR-01).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Kwok CHT, Harding EK, Burma NE, Markovic T, Massaly N, van den Hoogen NJ, Stokes-Heck S, Gambeta E, Komarek K, Yoon HJ, Navis KE, McAllister BB, Canet-Pons J, Fan C, Dalgarno R, Gorobets E, Papatzimas JW, Zhang Z, Kohro Y, Anderson CL, Thompson RJ, Derksen DJ, Morón JA, Zamponi GW, Trang T (2024) Pannexin-1 channel inhibition alleviates opioid withdrawal in rodents by modulating locus coeruleus to spinal cord circuitry. Nat Commun 15(1):6264. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50657-7 PMID: 39048565

Objective: To show that pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels expressed on microglia critically modulate LC activity during opioid withdrawal.

Summary: The findings demonstrate that microglial Panx1 channels modulate LC noradrenergic circuitry during opioid withdrawal and reinstatement. Blocking Panx1 to dampen LC hyperexcitability may, therefore, provide a therapeutic strategy for alleviating the physical and aversive components of opioid withdrawal.

Usage: Mac-1-SAP (IT-06) was injected through the cannula (15 µg) for three consecutive days before systemic naloxone administration.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)