References

Roach EB, Hussain Shuler MG (2011) Cholinergic denervation disrupts temporal learning in rodent visual cortex. IBRO 2011 Abstracts International Brain Research Organization, Florence, Italy.

Summary: Local cholinergic terminals were removed using the selective neurotoxin 192 IgG-saporin between contingency reversal. This manipulation tested the necessity of cholinergic innervation in two key processes: expressing previously learned reward timing and shifting reward timing to new behaviorally relevant intervals.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Ljubojevic V, Luu P, De Rosa E (2011) The role of cholinergic cortical modulation in visual and olfactory attention using the 5-Choice serial reaction time task. IBRO 2011 Abstracts International Brain Research Organization, Florence, Italy.

Summary: After successful acquisition of both visual and olfactory task, the rats were subjected to either a cholinergic immunotoxic or sham lesion surgery of the NBM. Cholinergic deafferentation of the neocortical mantle was induced by bilaterally infusing the cholinergic immunotoxin, 192 IgG-saporin, into the NBM (0.2 μl of 0.2 μg/μl per site; two sites per hemisphere).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Facciabene A, Peng X, Hagemann IS, Balint K, Barchetti A, Wang L-P, Gimotty PA, Gilks CB, Lal P, Zhang L, Coukos G (2011) Tumour hypoxia promotes tolerance and angiogenesis via CCL28 and Treg cells. Nature 475:226-230. doi: 10.1038/nature10169 PMID: 21753853

Objective: To investigate whether a direct link between tumor hypoxia and tolerance occurs through the recruitment of regulatory cells.

Summary: Tumor hypoxia promotes the recruitment of regulatory T (Treg) cells through induction of expression of the chemokine CC-chemokine ligand 28 (CCL28), which, in turn, promotes tumor tolerance and angiogenesis.

Usage: In vivo depletion of CD4+ CD25+ cells was achieved by intraperitoneal administration of anti-CD25 or an immunotoxin consisting of anti-mouse CCR10 or anti-mouse CCR3 antibody conjugated at an equimolar ratio to Streptavidin–ZAP. Anti-CCR10–SAP depleted 90% of CCR101 or CCR31 cells. Anti-CCR10–SAP suppressed tumour growth and abrogated the effects of CCL28 overexpression, whereas anti-CCR3–SAP had no effect on tumor growth.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Reynolds J, Bilsky EJ, Meng ID (2011) Selective ablation of mu-opioid receptor expressing neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla attenuates stress-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Life Sci 89(9-10):313-9. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.06.024

Summary: Animals have been shown to develop hyperalgesia in response to chronic stress. Recent data has implicated the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) in this process. In order to clarify what role mu-opioid receptor expressing neurons in the RVM play in rat, the authors injected 1.8 pmol of dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) into the RVM. The rats were then subjected to a model designed to produce hypersensitivity in the hind paw. Stress-induced behavior did not change in the lesioned animals, but mechanical hypersensitivity was reduced.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)

Luo T, Leung LS (2011) Involvement of tuberomamillary histaminergic neurons in isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 115(1):36-43. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182207655

Summary: Although previous studies indicate that histaminergic neurotransmission may mediate reaction to general anesthesia, it is not clear whether the histominergic tuberomammilary nucleus (TMN) is involved. Rats received 250-ng infusions of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the TMN after which the righting reflex was assessed for several anesthetics. Loss of histaminergic neurons in the TMN only altered the effect of isoflurane – suggesting that the neural circuits involved in isoflurane anesthesia are different than circuits affected by propofol, pentobarbital, and ketamine.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Mitra N, Banda K, Altheide TK, Schaffer L, Johnson-Pais TL, Beuten J, Leach RJ, Angata T, Varki N, Varki A (2011) SIGLEC12, a human-specific segregating (pseudo)gene, encodes a signaling molecule expressed in prostate carcinomas. J Biol Chem 286(26):23003-23011. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.244152

Summary: Siglec 12 (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 12) is a sugar molecule that has mutated in humans to be inactive, but is active in other primates. The human version is found on some macrophages, various epithelial cell surfaces, and some human carcinoma cell lines. Using Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04) and monoclonal antibodies against Siglec 12, the researchers demonstrated binding and internalization in a prostate cancer cell line, indicating that Siglec 12 may be a target for some cancer therapies.

Related Products: Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04)

Gelfo F, Tirassa P, De Bartolo P, Caltagirone C, Petrosini L, Angelucci F (2011) Brain and serum levels of nerve growth factor in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 25(2):213-217. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-110047 PMID: 21368378

Objective: Using nerve growth factor (NGF) as a marker of disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease using cholinergic depletion animal models.

Summary: Different Alzheimer’s disease stages show different levels of NGF present in the brain. 192-IgG-SAP was used to deplete the cholinergic neurons in rats the same way as Alzheimer’s does in humans. NGF levels were measured by ELISA 3, 7, and 15 days after injection and a disease progression correlation with NGF was constructed.

Usage: 2 µL/side of immunotoxin 192 IgG-SAP (IT-01) diluted in PBS (2 µg/µL) was bilaterally injected into lateral ventricles (rate: 1 µL/min).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Radley JJ, Sawchenko PE (2011) A common substrate for prefrontal and hippocampal inhibition of the neuroendocrine stress response. J Neurosci 31(26):9683-95. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6040-10.2011

Summary: In order to better understand how response to emotional stress is regulated, the authors injected 114 ng of GAT-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32) into each side of the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The results suggest that medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampal formation influences on stress regulation use the same access to modulate emotional stress rather than having parallel networks.

Related Products: GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

St Peters M, Demeter E, Lustig C, Bruno JP, Sarter M (2011) Enhanced control of attention by stimulating mesolimbic-corticopetal cholinergic circuitry. J Neurosci 31(26):9760-9771. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1902-11.2011

Summary: Motivation and attention interact to preserve cognitive performance under challenging conditions. In order to better define the circuitry connecting these two processes, the authors lesioned the prefrontal cortex (200 ng of 192-IgG-SAP, Cat. #IT-01) and the posterior parietal cortex (280 ng of 192-IgG-SAP). Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The data indicate that cholinergic projections to the cortex modulate detection of clues and filtering of distractors during attentional tasks, accentuating cognitive control.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

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Polito L, Bortolotti M, Pedrazzi M, Bolognesi A (2011) Immunotoxins and other conjugates containing saporin-s6 for cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 3(6):697-720. doi: 10.3390/toxins3060697 PMID: 22069735