References

Lemons LL, Wiley RG (2011) Galanin receptor-expressing dorsal horn neurons: role in nociception. Neuropeptides 45(6):377-383. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.08.002

Summary: This work examines the mociceptive role of galanin receptor-1-expressing neurons found in the superficial dorsal horn. 500 ng of galanin-SAP (Cat. #IT-34) was injected into the lumbar intrathecal space of rats; blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The rats were then tested in a series of thermal nociception models. Lesioned animals were less sensitive to heat, suggesting that loss of the gal1r-expressing excitatory interneurons disrupted the pain transmission pathway.

Related Products: Galanin-SAP (Cat. #IT-34), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Ritter S, Li AJ, Wang Q, Dinh TT (2011) Minireview: The value of looking backward: the essential role of the hindbrain in counterregulatory responses to glucose deficit. Endocrinology 152(11):4019-4032. doi: 10.1210/en.2010-1458

Summary: This review examines work addressing how particular glucose-sensing cells function in glucoregulation under specific physiological or pathological conditions. There are specific populations of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) neurons in the hindbrain that mediate these responses. The use of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) to eliminate selective NE/E subgroups without disrupting basic functions is discussed.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Lin Y, Sarfraz Y, Jensen A, Dunn AJ, Stone EA (2011) Participation of brainstem monoaminergic nuclei in behavioral depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 100(2):330-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.021

Summary: While the classical model states reductions in central noradrenergic activity produces depression, more recent work has indicated that higher activity in this brain region directly correlates with depression. Using a dopamine-ß-hydroxlase targeted toxin to lesion the locus coeruleus of mice, along with goat-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-19) as a control, the authors found that treated animals showed increased resistance to depressive behavior in several tests. The results suggest that monoaminergic lesions are greatly affected by mouse strain, lesion size, and involvement of other neuronal systems.

Related Products: Goat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-19)

Jeong DU, Chang WS, Hwang YS, Lee D, Chang JW (2011) Decrease of GABAergic Markers and Arc Protein Expression in the Frontal Cortex by Intraventricular 192 IgG-Saporin. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 32(1):70-78. doi: 10.1159/000330741

Summary: The authors examined the use of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) to establish a standardized model for dementia. Rats received several different doses of toxin in bilateral intraventricular injections. This injection method resulted in reliable memory impairment in a behavioral test, decreased GABAergic activity in the frontal cortex affecting spatial memory, and no change in the hippocampus. Using this technique, 8 µg of 192-IgG-SAP produced the optimal memory impairment.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Klinkenberg I, Sambeth A, Blokland A (2011) Acetylcholine and attention. Behav Brain Res 221(2):430-442. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.033

Summary: This review article summarizes studies investigating the role of acetylcholine in attention and cognition. The roles of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) and mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) in these experiments is discussed. Acetylcholine is thought to play a top-down role in the prefrontal, parietal, and somatosensory regions; playing an important role in the control of attentional orienting and stimulus discrimination.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Jeffry J, Kim S, Chen ZF (2011) Itch signaling in the nervous system. Physiology (Bethesda) 26(4):286-92. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00007.2011

Summary: This review examines recent work done to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the sensation of itch. The progress of mouse genetics has allowed the field to move beyond clinical and physiological studies, toward a better understanding of the signaling involved in nonhistaminergic itch. One study discussed used bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40) in mice to ablate GRPR-positive neurons in the dorsal horn. This lesion reduced scratching in response to pruritogens, but did not affect pain behavior‚ indicating that pain and itch use entirely different pathways.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)

Burke PG, Neale J, Korim WS, McMullan S, Goodchild AK (2011) Patterning of somatosympathetic reflexes reveals nonuniform organization of presympathetic drive from C1 and non-C1 RVLM neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301(4):R1112-R1122. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00131.2011

Summary: Some neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla are part of the circuitry that helps maintain blood pressure. This control is exerted through both feed-forward and reflex adjustment mechanisms. The authors used bilateral injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03, 24 ng per side) into the spinal cord of rats between T1 and T2 to better understand the organization of this circuitry. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The results suggest that myelinated neurons may control baseline tone, while stressor response uses unmyelinated neurons.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Chen S, Badea T, Hattar S (2011) Photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex are mediated by distinct populations of ipRGCs. Nature 476:92-95. doi: 10.1038/nature10206 PMID: 21765429

Summary: Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) express the photopigment Melanopsin and regulate a wide array of light dependent physiological processes. Genetic ablation of ipRGCs eliminates circadian photoentrainment and severely disrupts the pupillary light reflex (PLR). Scientists showed that ipRGCs consist of distinct subpopulation that differentially express the Brn3b transcription factor, and can be functionally distinguished. Brn3b-negative M1 ipRGCs innervate the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, whereas Brn3b-positive ipRGCs innervate all other known brain targets. Selective ablation of Brn3b-postive ipRGCs severly disrupts the PLR, but does not impair circadian photoentrainment. The scientists concluded that molecularly distinct subpopulations of M1 ipRGCs, which are morphologically and electrophysiologically similar, innervate different brain regions to execute light-induced functions. A dilution of 1:1000 of Anti-Melanopsin (Cat. #AB-N38) was used for immunohistochemical analysis of retina sections.

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)

Bajo Lorenzana VM Leach ND, Cordery PM, Nodal FR, King AJ (2011) The cholinergic basal forebrain in the ferret and its inputs to the auditory cortex. IBRO 2011 Abstracts International Brain Research Organization, Florence, Italy.

Summary: Projections from the NB to the auditory cortex were investigated by injecting tracers into the NB itself (n=5), or by applying tracer deposits to the surface of the auditory cortex (n=4). Tracers included Rhodamine, Fluorescein, Cascade Blue, as well as the cholinergic immunotoxin ME20.4-SAP. Both ME20.4-SAP injections in the auditory cortex and epipial tracer deposits revealed that NB provides the main cholinergic input to the cortex, and that this projection is predominantly ipsilateral.

Related Products: ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15)

Gulino R, Gulisano M (2011) A central role for BDNF and Sonic Hedgehog in controlling synaptic plasticity in motoneuron-depleted spinal cord. IBRO 2011 Abstracts International Brain Research Organization, Florence, Italy.

Summary: Here, we measured the expression levels of several proteins involved in synaptic plasticity and motoneuronal function (ChAT, Synapsin-I, Shh, Notch-1, AMPA receptor subunits, NMDA receptor and BDNF) in a mouse SC lesion model obtained by intramuscular injection of Cholera toxin-B-saporin, which selectively kills motoneurons

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)