References

Yang Q, Liu L, He F, Zhao W, Chen Z, Wu X, Rao B, Lin X, Mao F, Qu J, Zhang J (2024) Retinal ganglion cell type-specific expression of synuclein family members revealed by scRNA-sequencing. Int J Med Sci 21(8):1472-1490. doi: 10.7150/ijms.95598

Objective: To analyze the single-cell transcriptome in healthy and injured retinas to investigate their expression patterns and roles.

Summary: The study revealed that Snca expression varies across RGC subtypes, while Sncb and Sncg are uniformly expressed. Following traumatic axonal injury, Snca, Sncb, and Sncg levels decreased. The proportions of α-Syn-positive RGCs and ipRGCs remained unchanged, with notable changes in Ptn-Ncl and NCAM signaling pathways preceding cell death.

Usage: Immunofluorescence staining (AB-N39) (1:3000).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)

Loften A (2024) Cholinergic modulation of dopamine-related effects of ethanol in the rat. Univ Gothenburg Thesis.

Objective: To explore the role of acetylcholine and cholinergic interneurons (CIN) in ethanol-induced dopamine (DA) release and in the reinforcing effects of ethanol.

Summary: The author’s thesis supports an important role of accumbal CIN in ethanol ́s DA releasing and reinforcing effects, opening up for new potential pharmacological targetsfor treatments of alcohol use disorder.

Usage: in vivo rat model with depletion of accumbal CIN was developed utilizing anti-choline acetyltransferase-saporin (IT-42)

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)

Fu E, Li Z (2024) Extracellular vesicles: A new frontier in the theranostics of cardiovascular diseases. iRadiology 2(3):240-259. doi: 10.1002/ird3.77

Objective: To delve into the evolving landscape of extracellular vesicles (EVs), uncovering their diagnostic and therapeutic prospects and emphasizing their growing importance in shaping the future of cardiovascular theranostics

Summary: The ability of EVs to act as conduits of molecular information, orchestrate cellular responses, and influence the behaviors of recipient cells will allow precision interventions in cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment. The continuous refinement of biomaterial‐based strategies and innovative delivery methods will improve the precision and efficacy of EV interventions, establishing a solid foundation for their experimental application. Enhanced cellular uptake and cytosolic release of exosomes has been achieved by combining a pH‐sensitive fusogenic peptide and cationic lipids. This method facilitates the efficient delivery of encapsulated molecules, including 70kD adextran and the ribosome‐inactivating protein named saporin.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• NakaseI, FutakiS. Combined treatment with a pH‐sensitive fusogenic peptide and cationic lipids achieves enhanced cytosolic delivery of exosomes. SciRep.2015;5(1):10112. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10112

Toledo C, Del Rio R (2024) Cardiorespiratory disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease: A focus on the contribution of sympathetic premotor neurons. Am Physiol Summit 39(S1) doi: 10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.2540

Objective: To characterize cardiorespiratory function in AD patients and then to determine the role of RVLM-C1 neurons in autonomic and sleep-disordered breathing in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, and experimental model showing AD-like pathology.

Summary: Results show that RVLM-C1 neurons play a main role in the development/maintenance of cardiorespiratory disorders in experimental AD.

Usage: Bilateral stereotaxic injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (IT-03) into the RVLM were used to selectively destroy C1 neurons.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Lewis R, Smith C, Nichols N (2024) Spinal TNF-α receptor expression in a rodent model of respiratory motor neuron death. Am Physiol Summit 39(S1) doi: 10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.1401

Objective: To create a model from respiratory deficit and study the role of inflammation in phrenic long-term facilitation.

Summary: Some neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by deficits in respiratory neurons, which can be modeled in rodents through the ablation of C4 TNFR1 expressing neurons. Phrenic long-term facilitation induced by acute intermittent hypoxia is observed in the model and at different times following the ablation to elucidate mechanisms of plasticity at different points of breathing deficits.

Usage: Intrapleural injection of CTB-SAP (25 ug, IT-14) in rats.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Ketabforoush A, Wang M, Smith C, Arnold WD, Nichols N (2024) Longitudinal assessment of outcome measures of diaphragm motor unit connectivity as biomarkers of phrenic motor unit degeneration and compensation. Am Physiol Summit 39(S1) doi: 10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.1402

Objective: Using CTB-SAP to lesion motor neurons and measuring motor neuron connectivity and cell death, as a model for phrenic motor neuron degeneration.

Summary: Processes such as injury or aging can affect motor neurons and cause degeneration. CTB-SAP is used to mimic this phenomenon and is used to cause motor degeneration in the diaphram of rats. The motor neurons and motor units have plasticity and the ability to compensate for this damage and the authors seek to use the created rat model to measure this motor unit connectivity.

Usage: Rats received bilateral intrapleural injections of 25 μg of CTB-SAP (IT-14) as well as 25 more μg of free CTB. Control mice received 25 μg of free saporin and 25 μg of CTB.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Janes T, Cardani S, Pagliardini S (2024) The progestinic drug, etonogestrel, rescues breathing in a rodent model of central chemoreflex impairment. Am Physiol Summit 39(S1) doi: 10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.978

Objective: Assessing the efficacy of etonogestrel as a treatment to congenital hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS).

Summary: Etonogestrel can stimulate breathing and CO2-chemoreflexes and could be used to treat congenital hypoventilation syndrome. A model of CCHS was created in rats through the ablation of retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons with substance-P saporin. In this CCHS model-rat Etonogestrel was assessed for its ability to return breathing back to normal and for its mechanism of action.

Usage: Rats were lesioned with SSP-SAP [IT-11] targeting the retrotrapezoid nucelus (R.V.N.) neurons.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Stockdale JN (2024) Pollen-specific expression of ecori restriction endonuclease for bioconfinement in panicum virgatum l. Univ Tennessee Thesis.

Objective: In this study, pollen-specific promoters controlling the expression of the EcoRI endonuclease, interrupted by a catalase intron, were evaluated for efficacy to produce sterile pollen.

Summary: The TaPSG719, PvPS1, Osg6B, OsRTS, and Zm13 promoters were assessed for pollen-specific expression patterns, none of which have previously been characterized in switchgrass. The effectiveness of pollen-targeted EcoRI expression to produce sterile pollen was not determined. However, this study identified the Zm13 and PvPS1 promoters as strong candidates for male-specific gene expression and provided valuable insights for the design and production of genetically engineered switchgrass

Usage: In the Genesafe prototype system, saporin was used as a sterility gene to inhibit protein synthesis and cause seed sterility when expressed in plant cells. The system relied on hybridizing two parent plants (P1 and P2), with saporin expression controlled by a late embryo-specific promoter (LEA4A or LEA14 from cotton) and repressed by a blocker sequence. After hybridization, a stimulus would trigger Cre/loxP recombinase to excise the blocker, enabling saporin expression in the next generation. However, in tobacco trials, seed sterility was not achieved due to inefficient promoter activity and low saporin production.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Kniffin A, Bangasser DA, Parikh V (2024) Septohippocampal cholinergic system at the intersection of stress and cognition: Current trends and translational implications. Eur J Neurosci 59(9):2155-2180. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15999 PMID: 37118907

Objective: Review current research highlighting the contributions of cholinergic septohippocampal pathway (SHP) in modulating memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval.

Summary: Authors presented evidence generated from empirical research and computational modeling approaches that suggest cholinergic SHP modulate distinct components of episodic memory. Specifically, higher levels of septohippocampal ACh and downstream activation of specific subtypes of mAChRs/nAChRs in local circuits of hippocampal networks reduce interference and enhance encoding, while lower cholinergic signaling facilitate memory consolidation by gating information to the neocortex.

Usage: Rats with cholinergic deficit in the SHP pathway were induced by injection with 192-IgG-SAP (IT-01).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Baxter MG et al. Intact spatial learning following lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. NeuroReport 7:1417-1420, 1996.
• Baxter MG et al. Intact spatial learning in both young and aged rats following selective removal of hippocampal cholinergic input. Behav Neurosci 110:460-467, 1996.
• Bizon JL et al. Effects of hippocampal cholinergic deafferentation on learning strategy selection in a visible platform version of the water maze. Hippocampus 13(6):676-684, 2003.
• Frick KM et al. Effects of complete immunotoxin lesions of the cholinergic basal forebrain on fear conditioning and spatial learning. Hippocampus 14:244-254, 2004.

Ogata J, Shimada Y, Ohashi T, Kobayashi H (2024) Usefulness of antibody-drug conjugate as preconditioning for hematopoietic stem cell-targeted gene therapy in wild-type and Fabry disease mouse models. Mol Genet Metab 142(3):108494. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108494 PMID: 38820907

Objective: To develop a saporin/antibody-based conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell-targeted gene therapy for use in models of Fabry Disease.

Summary: Fabry disease is characterized by deficient activity of α-galactosidase A (GLA). Consequently, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) accumulates in various organs causing damage. Fabry Disease is treatable with hematopoietic stem cell therapy which requires strong conditioning, but that can often be associated with side effects. CD45-SAP is investigated as a conditioning agent for these stem cells.

Usage: CD45-SAP was used in hematopoietic stem cells in a mice model of Fabry Disease.