References

Wang W, Zhang Y, Li L, Xu Y, Zhang W, Chen X, Wang X, Tong G, Zhang P (2026) PACAP/PAC 1 modulates light-induced sleep via the ipRGC-VLPO pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 808:153462. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153462 PMID: 41702189

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of PACAP in ipRGC–VLPO light-induced sleep.

Summary: Partial ablation of ipRGCs by Melanopsin-SAP reduced light-induced sleep duration, whereas PACAP 1-38 administration reversed this effect, leading to an increase in REM sleep. After the partial destruction of ipRGCs through the intraocular injection of saporin (SAP), we continued to observe the effect of PACAP on light-induced sleep. The results showed that after the microdialysis injection of PACAP 1-38 into the VLPO of SAP mice, the light-induced sleep of the mice increased; specifically, REM sleep significantly increased. The results suggest that PACAP is involved in ipRGC–VLPO-mediated light-induced sleep.

Related Products: Melanopsin-SAP (Cat. #IT-44)

Yang Y, Jia H, Yang L, He B, Zhang K, Liu H (2026) An AIEgen-based carrier enables efficient cytosolic delivery of bioactive proteins. Int J Nanomedicine 21:1-14. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S557672

Summary: The authors report a novel AIEgen (Aggregation-induced emission luminogen) -based carrier, MTPABP-Guided-Intracellular-Carrier (MAGIC), that achieves high efficiency in delivering native proteins into the cytosol. MAGIC efficiently delivered trypsin, RNase A, and saporin into the cytosol of mammalian cell lines while preserving their enzymatic or functional activity. The MAGIC delivery system holds significant promise for advancing the study of cellular physiology and enabling precise therapeutic interventions.

Usage: HeLa cells were treated with MTPABP/saporin complexes. Saporin concentration was 5 μg/mL. Free saporin served as a control.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Doyle S, Doran MM, Cunningham C, Lowry JP (2025) Real-time in vivo monitoring of cholinergic neurotransmission in the mouse brain using a microelectrochemical choline biosensor. Eur J Neurosci 62)9):e70291. doi: 10.1111/ejn.70291 PMID: 41185145

Objective: To refine an established choline oxidase (ChOx) microelectrochemical biosensor to validate its use for long-term recording in the freely moving mouse.

Summary: Systemic administration of donepezil produced a pronounced decrease in current in both the pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus, with scopolamine and amphetamine resulting in signal increases that were not observed in animals with selective saporin lesioning (mu p75-SAP) of the cholinergic basal forebrain. Furthermore, continuous biosensor recording in both regions displayed diurnal oscillations across repetitive light–dark phases. All are consistent with successful monitoring of endogenous changes in cholinergic neurotransmission.

Usage: Two 1-μL icv injections of either sterile PBS (control animals) or mu p75-SAP (IT-16) at a concentration of 0.6 μg/μL were made into the lateral ventricles usinga NanoFil syringe under the control of an infusion pump at a rate of 0.2 nL/min. Following injection, the needle tip was left in place for 8 min to minimize reflux.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Brown TW, Vilallongue N, Hales SC, Srikanta S, Rochon PL, Rangel Olguin AG, Waxman SB, Tufford A, Van Prooijen J, Krishnaswamy A, Cermakian N, Cayouette M (2025) Retinal glia regulate development of the circadian photoentrainment circuit. Cell Rep 44(11):116464. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116464 PMID: 41150857

Objective: To examine the role of Müller glia in the development of hypothalamus-projecting ipRGCs and their contribution to circadian photoentrainment.

Summary: Disrupting SNARE-mediated release in Müller glia reduced ATP secretion, heightened ipRGC light responses, and impaired photoentrainment without affecting vision or pupil reflexes. The study highlights a glia-dependent mechanism essential for proper maturation of the circadian visual pathway.

Usage: Anti-Melanopsin (AB-N38) was used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) at 1:100 dilution.

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)

Yelamali AR, Chendamarai E, Ritchey JK, Rettig MP, DiPersio JF, Persaud SP (2025) Streptavidin-drug conjugates streamline optimization of antibody-based hematopoietic stem cell transplant conditioning. Blood ICT 1(3):100012. doi: 10.1016/j.bict.2025.100012 PMID: 41574174

Objective: To develop and validate a modular streptavidin based antibody drug conjugate platform for optimizing antibody mediated hematopoietic stem cell transplant conditioning.

Summary: The authors demonstrate that a streptavidin drug conjugate system enables rapid comparison of antibody payload combinations for hematopoietic stem cell depletion and leukemia targeting. The study builds on prior work using CD45 targeted immunotoxins to achieve effective hematopoietic niche depletion in murine HSCT models.

Usage: This study references earlier conditioning experiments that utilized Streptavidin-ZAP (IT-27) in combination with biotinylated CD45 antibodies to selectively deplete hematopoietic stem cells in murine HSCT models, typically administered as a single intravenous dose of approximately 75 µg per mouse.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27), Anti-CD45.2-SAP (Cat. #IT-91)

Park JS, Kenum C, He L, Khan AG, Pohl MA, White TE, Kodangattil SR, Rudin CM, Balderes PJ, Lorenz IC, Massagué J, anesh K (2025) Development of antibody-drug conjugates targeting L1CAM to treat metastatic cancer. bioRxiv 2025.10.01.679843. doi: 10.1101/2025.10.01.679843

Objective: To develop L1CAM-targeted antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) using high-affinity monoclonal antibodies and assess their therapeutic potential against metastatic cancer.

Summary: L1CAM ADCs conjugated with the potent payload PNU-159682 achieved strong cytotoxicity, tumor regression, and prolonged survival in models of metastatic breast and lung cancer. Safety studies indicated a favorable therapeutic window for clinical translation.

Usage: FabFc-ZAP Human (IT-65) was used to evaluate antibody internalization. FabFc-ZAP was incubated with L1CAM candidate antibodies or isotype control and applied to L1CAM-HEK293T cells, with viability measured after five days.

Related Products: FabFc-ZAP human (Cat. #IT-65)

Du R, Zhang Y, Wu S, Zixing W, Jing W (2025) Progress, opportunity, and perspective on long term preservation of extracellular vesicles. SSRN ssrn.5553381. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.5553381

Objective: To provide an overview of the biology, function, and biomedical application of Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and introduce the method to evaluate the storage stability of EVs.

Summary: While there are multiple methods available for EVs preservation, each approach comes with its advantage and limitation. At present, the optimal storage method for various components in EVs is still unknown. The incorporation of cryoprotectants has proven beneficial in enhancing EV preservation. However, it’s important to acknowledge that the concentration of cryoprotectants significantly influences the cryopreservation outcome. Current assessment to evaluate EVs preservation emphasize the alterations in the morphology, size, particle number, and protein of EVs during preservation, however, the description on EVs preservation efficiency has not be standardized.

Usage: When HeLa cell-derived EVs underwent lyophilization, the structure and particle size remained unchanged, the zeta-potential remained around -10 mV before and after lyophilization. However, when the EVs were engineered with arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide (R16 peptide) and encapsulated with saporin (SAP), the biological activity of EVs were highly affected after lyophilization (Noguchi et al., 2019).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Noguchi, K., Hirano, M., Hashimoto, T., Yuba, E., Takatani-Nakase, T., Nakase, I., 2019. Effects of Lyophilization of Arginine-rich Cell-penetrating Peptide-modified Extracellular Vesicles on Intracellular Delivery. Anticancer Res 39, 6701-6709.

Leanza MH, Storelli E, D’Arco D, de Leo G, Kleiner G, Arancio L, Capodieci G, Gulino R, Bava A, Leanza G (2025) Cerebellar contributions to spatial learning and memory: Effects of discrete immunotoxic lesions. Int J Mol Sci 26(19):9553. doi: 10.3390/ijms26199553 PMID: 41096819

Objective: To analyze the behavioral and anatomical effects of discrete injections, in different groups of animals, of the same 192 IgG-saporin toxin into the basal forebrain nuclei and/or into the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres.

Summary: Authors administered, 192 IgG-saporin, selectively targeting cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and a subpopulation of cerebellar Purkinje cells, to adult rats bilaterally into the basal forebrain nuclei, the cerebellar cortices or both areas combined. The results suggest important functional interactions between the ascending regulatory inputs from the cerebellum and those arising in the basal forebrain nuclei that would act together to modulate the complex sensory–motor and cognitive processes required to control whole body movement in space.

Usage: (i) bilateral intraventricular injection of 192 IgG-saporin (ICV, n = 12); (ii) bilateral injections of 192 IgG-saporin into the basal forebrain nuclei (BF, n = 12); (iii) injections of 192 IgG-saporin into the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis (CBL, n = 12); and (iv) injections of 192 IgG-saporin into both the basal forebrain nuclei and cerebellar hemispheres and vermis (BF/CBL, n = 12).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Herrerias A, Oliverio A, Dvorácskó S, Thyagarajan A, Chedester L, Liu J, Cinar R, Iyer MR, Kunos G, Godlewski G (2025) CB1 receptors on a subset of vagal afferent neurons modulate voluntary ethanol intake in mice. Mol Psychiatry doi: 10.1038/s41380-025-03266-9 PMID: 40975751

Objective: To investigate how peripheral CB1 receptors on vagal afferent neurons regulate voluntary ethanol intake and their role in gut-brain signaling underlying alcohol consumption.

Summary: Selective deletion or ablation of CB1R in nodose ganglion neurons abolished the inhibitory effects of peripheral CB1R antagonists on voluntary ethanol intake. The study identifies CB1R on Gpr65⁺ vagal sensory neurons as critical mediators of gut-brain communication regulating alcohol preference and intake.

Usage: Anti-CB1-SAP (IT-104) or Blank-SAP (IT-21) was injected into the proximity of the nodose ganglion at 250 ng/mL to selectively ablate CB1R-expressing vagal afferent neurons

Related Products: Anti-CB1-SAP (Cat. #IT-104), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Kobayashi K, Miyazaki Y, Sakamoto N, Yamamoto M, Nagat N, Murata T (2025) Long-term scratching analysis of mice using machine learning. PNAS Nexus pgaf292. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf292

Objective: To objectively quantify mouse scratching behavior across light and dark cycles using automated, long-term machine learning analysis.

Summary: Naïve BALB/c mice exhibited more frequent and persistent scratching during the light period, and DNFB-induced dermatitis caused biphasic, long-lasting scratching even during rest. The study establishes a continuous behavior analysis method that reveals circadian and pathological pruritus features.

Usage: Bombesin-SAP (IT-40) or Blank-SAP (IT-21) was administered intrathecally at 400 ng in 5 μL PBS.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)