Yang Y, Jia H, Yang L, He B, Zhang K, Liu H (2026) An AIEgen-based carrier enables efficient cytosolic delivery of bioactive proteins. Int J Nanomedicine 21:1-14. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S557672
Summary: The authors report a novel AIEgen (Aggregation-induced emission luminogen) -based carrier, MTPABP-Guided-Intracellular-Carrier (MAGIC), that achieves high efficiency in delivering native proteins into the cytosol. MAGIC efficiently delivered trypsin, RNase A, and saporin into the cytosol of mammalian cell lines while preserving their enzymatic or functional activity. The MAGIC delivery system holds significant promise for advancing the study of cellular physiology and enabling precise therapeutic interventions.
Usage: HeLa cells were treated with MTPABP/saporin complexes. Saporin concentration was 5 μg/mL. Free saporin served as a control.
Du R, Zhang Y, Wu S, Zixing W, Jing W (2025) Progress, opportunity, and perspective on long term preservation of extracellular vesicles. SSRN ssrn.5553381. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.5553381
Objective: To provide an overview of the biology, function, and biomedical application of Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and introduce the method to evaluate the storage stability of EVs.
Summary: While there are multiple methods available for EVs preservation, each approach comes with its advantage and limitation. At present, the optimal storage method for various components in EVs is still unknown. The incorporation of cryoprotectants has proven beneficial in enhancing EV preservation. However, it’s important to acknowledge that the concentration of cryoprotectants significantly influences the cryopreservation outcome. Current assessment to evaluate EVs preservation emphasize the alterations in the morphology, size, particle number, and protein of EVs during preservation, however, the description on EVs preservation efficiency has not be standardized.
Usage: When HeLa cell-derived EVs underwent lyophilization, the structure and particle size remained unchanged, the zeta-potential remained around -10 mV before and after lyophilization. However, when the EVs were engineered with arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide (R16 peptide) and encapsulated with saporin (SAP), the biological activity of EVs were highly affected after lyophilization (Noguchi et al., 2019).
Leanza MH, Storelli E, D’Arco D, de Leo G, Kleiner G, Arancio L, Capodieci G, Gulino R, Bava A, Leanza G (2025) Cerebellar contributions to spatial learning and memory: Effects of discrete immunotoxic lesions. Int J Mol Sci 26(19):9553. doi: 10.3390/ijms26199553 PMID: 41096819
Objective: To analyze the behavioral and anatomical effects of discrete injections, in different groups of animals, of the same 192 IgG-saporin toxin into the basal forebrain nuclei and/or into the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres.
Summary: Authors administered, 192 IgG-saporin, selectively targeting cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and a subpopulation of cerebellar Purkinje cells, to adult rats bilaterally into the basal forebrain nuclei, the cerebellar cortices or both areas combined. The results suggest important functional interactions between the ascending regulatory inputs from the cerebellum and those arising in the basal forebrain nuclei that would act together to modulate the complex sensory–motor and cognitive processes required to control whole body movement in space.
Usage: (i) bilateral intraventricular injection of 192 IgG-saporin (ICV, n = 12); (ii) bilateral injections of 192 IgG-saporin into the basal forebrain nuclei (BF, n = 12); (iii) injections of 192 IgG-saporin into the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis (CBL, n = 12); and (iv) injections of 192 IgG-saporin into both the basal forebrain nuclei and cerebellar hemispheres and vermis (BF/CBL, n = 12).
Herrerias A, Oliverio A, Dvorácskó S, Thyagarajan A, Chedester L, Liu J, Cinar R, Iyer MR, Kunos G, Godlewski G (2025) CB1 receptors on a subset of vagal afferent neurons modulate voluntary ethanol intake in mice. Mol Psychiatry doi: 10.1038/s41380-025-03266-9 PMID: 40975751
Alampi MM, Kozlíková M, Mariangeli M, Civita S, Delcanale P, Mussini A, Diaspro A, Bianchini P, Weyergang A, Skarpen E, Berg K, Viappiani C, Abbruzzetti S, Selbo PK (2025) Light-enhanced cytotoxicity and intracellular trafficking of the PD-L1-targeting photoimmunoconjugate EITC-atezolizumab. Biomed Pharmacother 191:118550. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118550 PMID: 40946581
Objective: To optimize the cytotoxic efficacy of a photoimmunoconjugate of eosin-5-isothiocyanate and atezolizumab (EITC-atezolizumab) in NSCLC cells; To study the uptake and intracellular transport of atezolizumab; and to evaluate EITC-atezolizumab as a candidate for photochemical internalization (PCI) of the ribosome-inactivating protein gelonin.
Summary: This is the first documentation demonstrating that atezolizumab is transported to CD63-positive organelles, thereby enhancing our understanding of its intracellular trafficking. The study also strengthens the concept of Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) and atezolizumab-based targeting of PD-L1+NSCLCs.
Usage: The cytotoxic efficacy of the PD-L1-targeting immunotoxin (Anti-PD-L1-SAP) was strongly enhanced in PD-L1-positive breast cancer cells by photochemical internalization (PCI),a low-dose, Photodynamictherapy (PDT)-based intracellular drug delivery method.
Lipari NR (2025) Investigating anxiety-like behaviors and basolateral amygdala dysfunction in a novel rat model of Parkinson’s disease. SUNY Binghamton Thesis.
Objective: To create a unique model of PD with improved face validity, and non-motor symptoms.
Summary: This work helped further characterize motor and non-motor symptoms while providing potential underlying physiological markers for early disease course in a unique animal model of Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Usage: It has been demonstrated that lesioning of the basolateral amygdala with the targeted toxin stable substance P (SSP) saporin, a toxin that selectively lesions neurons which express neurokinin1 receptors, increases anxiety-like behaviors in rats.
Nierkens S, Lindemans CA (2025) Hole in one: CD137-ADC eliminates GVHD. Blood 146(9):1038-1040. doi: 10.1182/blood.2025029867 PMID: 40875553
Objective: To show that a single dose of CD137-ADC can prevent acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) while pre-serving immune reconstitution in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of stem cell transplantation.
Summary: Results showed that animals treated with CD137-ADC exhibited markedly reduced clinical and histopathological features of GVHD, improved survival, and, notably, no need for additional immunosuppressive therapy. Although still in preclinical development, these findings support the potential for translation to highly needed human therapy.
Diamantoudis SC, Miliotou AN, Galatou E, Telliou S, Sideris K, Grigoriadis N, Vizirianakis IS (2025) Assessing the hematological cancer stem cell landscape to improve immunotherapy clinical decisions. Biocell doi: 10.32604/biocell.2025.067216
Objective: To combine existing information and clinical evidence to assess and bring to the spotlight targets related to Hematological cancer stem cells (HCSCs) that can be considered for the improvement of therapeutic interventions.
Summary: Targeting HCSCs represents one of the most promising advances toward achieving lasting remission and potential cure in hematologic malignancies. Next-generation immunotherapies—enabled by advances in molecular profiling, synthetic biology, and systems immunology—can shift the paradigm in blood cancers by overcoming current limitations.
Usage: CD117-ADC (carrying streptavidin–saporin) has shown dose-dependent results in mice, with a range from 0.3–1.5 mg/kg, as depletion of stem cells was noted with the subsequent successful engraftment of allogenic transplants.
Kolahdouzan M, Ghazisaeidi S, Tu Y, Muley M, Gambeta E, Salter M (2025) Meningeal macrophages mask incision pain sensitization in male rats. Mol Pain doi: 10.1177/17448069251383593
Objective: To investigate whether CD206+macrophages in the meninges play a role in regulating nociception and pain hypersensitivity.
Summary: The results indicate that while CD206+ meningeal macrophages do not regulate basal nociception in naïve rats, they mask mechanical hypersensitivity in male rats after skin incision injury. Thus, we conclude that in a sex-dependent manner, CD206+ meningeal macrophages prevent the spread of pain hypersensitivity after a minor injury.
Usage: Rats were injected intrathecally (30 μl) with saline, CD206-Saporin (20 μg mannose-receptor antibody and 7 μg of Streptavidin-ZAP in 30 μl), or Rabbit-IgG-Saporin (control).
Shang Y, Gan X, Dang Y, Liu J, Liu P (2025) The physiological and pathological mechanisms of LIN2, LIN7, LIN10 and their tripartite complex. J Cell Mol Med 29(15):e70794. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.70794 PMID: 40801824
Objective: To furnish a robust theoretical foundation for the prospective utilization of polarity proteins and their complex as cancer markers and therapeutic targets.
Summary: Authors have found that LIN2, LIN7, and LIN10, as well as their complexes, play important roles in the establishment and maintenance of apical-basal polarity. They are also involved in two physiological processes: synaptic transmission and receptor localization. Additionally, LIN2, LIN7, and LIN10 are linked to the pathological processes of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Meanwhile, they regulate the proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis of cancer cells through various pathways.
Usage: The PDZ domain of LIN2 can target binding to CD98, a negative prognostic marker for human glioblastoma cells. Constructing a chimera of the PDZ domain of LIN2 with the ribosome-inactivating protein Saporin (PR-01) and enhancing the activity of this chimera as the number of PDZ domains increases can effectively increase cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells, GL15 and U87.
