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Molecular genetics of kappa opioids in pain and itch sensations
Tseng PY, Hoon MA (2020) Molecular genetics of kappa opioids in pain and itch sensations. Handb Exp Pharmacol . doi: 10.1007/164_2020_397
Summary: The authors review the functions of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and its endogenous agonists dynorphins in modulating itch and pain. Nppb-SAP ablation of neurons expressing the Natriuretic olypeptide B receptor greatly reduced itch responses evoked by histamine or by intrathecal administration of Nppb, suggesting that these neurons transmit itch signals from Nppb primary afferents.
Related Products: Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)
Adrenergic supersensitivity and impaired neural control of cardiac electrophysiology following regional cardiac sympathetic nerve loss
Tapa S, Wang L, Francis Stuart SD, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Habecker BA, Ripplinger CM (2020) Adrenergic supersensitivity and impaired neural control of cardiac electrophysiology following regional cardiac sympathetic nerve loss. Sci Rep 10:18801. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75903-y
Summary: The authors present a novel mouse model of regional cardiac sympathetic hypo-innervation utilizing Anti-DBH-SAP.
Usage: Either 5μL of 40 ng/μL Anti-DBH-SAP or Mouse IgG-SAP (control) was applied three times directly to the exposed apical/anterior surface of the heart.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)
Oxytocin elicits itch scratching behavior via spinal GRP/GRPR system
Guo J, Ba X, Matsuda M, Wei P, Jiang C, Sun W, Xiao L, Xiong D, Liao X, Hao Y (2020) Oxytocin elicits itch scratching behavior via spinal GRP/GRPR system. Front Neursci 14:581977. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.581977 PMID: 33071749
Objective: To investigate the spinal mechanisms underlying oxytocin-induced scratching behavior and its relationship with the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)/GRP receptor (GRPR) pathway.
Summary: Intrathecal oxytocin triggered robust, transient scratching behavior in mice via spinal oxytocin receptors expressed on GRP neurons. Ablation of GRPR⁺ neurons with Bombesin-SAP significantly reduced scratching, demonstrating that the GRP/GRPR circuit mediates oxytocin-evoked itch signaling.
Usage: Bombesin-SAP (IT-40) was administered intrathecally at 400 ng in 10 µL sterile saline to selectively ablate spinal GRPR⁺ neurons two weeks before behavioral testing.
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)
Long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA3 to CA1 synapses may be induced in vivo by activation of septal cholinergic inputs.
Dobryakova YV, Stepanichev MY, Markevich VA, Bolshakov AP (2020) Long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA3 to CA1 synapses may be induced in vivo by activation of septal cholinergic inputs. Int J Neurosci 23:1-7. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1822834
Objective: To clarify the role of septal input in the development of long-term potentiation (LTP) in this synapse.
Summary: Elimination of septal cholinergic neurons by 192-IgG-SAP abolished LTP development in both experimental series. This suppression of LTP in animals with a cholinergic deficit was not due to loss of hippocampal neurons.
Usage: Rats received intraseptal injections of 192-IgG-SAP (1.5 μg).
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Evaluation of the adverse effects of chronic exposure to donepezil (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) in adult zebrafish by behavioral and biochemical assessments.
Audira G, Ngoc Anh NT, Ngoc Hieu BT, Malhotra N, Siregar P, Villalobos O, Villaflores OB, Ger TR, Huang JC, Chen KH, Hsiao CD (2020) Evaluation of the adverse effects of chronic exposure to donepezil (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) in adult zebrafish by behavioral and biochemical assessments. Biomolecules 10(9):1340. doi: 10.3390/biom10091340 PMID: 32962160
Objective: The authors use zebrafish to conduct a deeper analysis of the potential adverse effects of DPZ on the short-term memory and behaviors of normal zebrafish by performing multiple behavioral and biochemical assays.
Summary: Chronic waterborne exposure to donepezil (DPZ) can severely induce adverse effects on normal zebrafish in a dose-dependent manner.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
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Critical role of GRP receptor-expressing neurons in the spinal transmission of imiquimod-induced psoriatic itch
Kiguchi N, Saika F, Fukazawa Y, Matsuzaki S, Kishioka S (2020) Critical role of GRP receptor-expressing neurons in the spinal transmission of imiquimod-induced psoriatic itch. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 40(3):287-290. doi: 10.1002/npr2.12120 PMID: 32584520
Objective: To determine whether itch-responsive GRPR⁺ neurons in the spinal dorsal horn contribute to the transmission of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic itch.
Summary: Topical IMQ induced psoriasis-like dermatitis and scratching behavior, accompanied by upregulation of GRP and GRPR mRNA in the spinal dorsal horn. Chemogenetic silencing of GRP⁺ neurons or ablation of GRPR⁺ neurons with Bombesin-SAP significantly reduced scratching, showing that the spinal GRP–GRPR pathway mediates psoriatic itch.
Usage: Bombesin-SAP (IT-40) was administered intrathecally at 250 ng in 5 µL phosphate-buffered saline to selectively ablate spinal GRPR⁺ neurons.
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)
Spinal GRPR and NPRA contribute to chronic itch in a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis.
Liu X, Wang D, Wen Y, Zeng L, Li Y, Tao T, Zhao Z, Tao A (2020) Spinal GRPR and NPRA contribute to chronic itch in a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 140(9):1856-1866.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.016
Objective: The authors investigated the peripheral and spinal mechanisms responsible for prolonged itch in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) induced by squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE).
Summary: Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA) may provide effective treatments for ACD associated chronic pruritus.
Usage: A single dose of Bombesin-SAP (400 ng) and Blank-SAP (400 ng) or two doses of Nppb-SAP (BNP-SAP; 650 ng) and Blank-SAP (650 ng) were administered via intrathecal injection.
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Featured Article: Targeted hippocampal GABA neuron ablation produces hippocampal sclerosis, epilepsy, and dissociable effects on the Morris water maze and object-place paired association tasks
Bumanglag AV, Truckenbrod LM, Chun E, Hernandez AR, Federico QP, Maurer AP, Sloviter RS, Burke SN (2019) Featured Article: Targeted hippocampal GABA neuron ablation produces hippocampal sclerosis, epilepsy, and dissociable effects on the Morris water maze and object-place paired association tasks. Targeting Trends 20
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)
Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.
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Intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 effects on food intake: Physiological relevance and emerging mechanisms
Krieger JP (2020) Intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 effects on food intake: Physiological relevance and emerging mechanisms. Peptides 131:170342. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170342 PMID: 32522585
Objective: Review of findings of GLP-1 involvement in obesity.
Summary: The most selective method of gastrointestinal vagal deafferentation to date used CCK-SAP injected into the nodose ganglia which blunts the anorexigenic effect of IP GLP-1 administration.
Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)
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Saporin from Saponaria officinalis as a tool for experimental research, modeling, and therapy in neuroscience.
Bolshakov AP, Stepanichev MY, Dobryakova YV, Spivak, YS, Markevich, VA (2020) Saporin from Saponaria officinalis as a tool for experimental research, modeling, and therapy in neuroscience. Toxins (Basel) 12(9):546. doi: 10.3390/toxins12090546
Summary: A review of studies where saporin-based conjugates were used to analyze cell mechanisms of sleep, general anesthesia, epilepsy, pain, and development of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.
Related Products: Targeted Toxins