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Loss of leptin receptor-expressing cells in the hindbrain decreases forebrain leptin sensitivity.
Harris RBS (2020) Loss of leptin receptor-expressing cells in the hindbrain decreases forebrain leptin sensitivity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 318(5):E806-E816. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2020
Objective: This study tested whether loss of hindbrain leptin receptor signaling changed sensitivity to forebrain leptin.
Summary: Loss of VMH (ventromedial nucleus of hippocampus) leptin receptor-expressing cells prevents weight loss. The integrated response between the hindbrain and forebrain is heavily dependent upon leptin activity in the VMH.
Usage: To test forebrain leptin sensitivity Leptin-SAP and Blank-SAP rats received third ventricle injections of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 or 0.5 μg leptin.
Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
The subcortical belly of sleep: New possibilities in neuromodulation of basal ganglia?
Hasegawa H, Selway R, Gnoni V, Beniczky S, Williams SCR, Kryger M, Ferini-Strambi L, Goadsby P, Leschziner GD, Ashkan K, Rosenzweig I (2020) The subcortical belly of sleep: New possibilities in neuromodulation of basal ganglia?. Sleep Med Rev 52:101317. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101317
Summary: Complete BF lesion with OX-SAP leads to coma-like state and flat EEG, reduced Fos in cerebral cortex (but high Fos in brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus) selective (cholinergic or non-cholinergic) lesion does not have this effect.
Usage: Lesions of the basal forebrain were done by injecting a 0.1% solution of Orexin-SAP at four different sites.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Activity-dependent neuroplastic changes in autonomic circuitry modulating cardiovascular control: The essential role of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors signaling
Rocha-Santos C, Braga DC, Ceroni A, Michelini LC (2020) Activity-dependent neuroplastic changes in autonomic circuitry modulating cardiovascular control: The essential role of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors signaling. 11:309. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00309 PMID: 32328002
Objective: To investigate whether baroreceptors’ and chemoreceptors’ signaling are able to drive neuronal plasticity within medullary and supramedullary pathways controlling autonomic outflow.
Summary: The data indicated that afferent inputs conveyed by arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are the main stimuli to drive both inactivity-induced and activity-dependent neuroplasticity within the autonomic circuitry.
Usage: Bilateral microinjections of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat #IT-03) at a dose of 21 ng/100 nL were made into the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus in rats.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
Intracerebroventricular administration of 192IgG-saporin alters the state of microglia in the neocortex.
Volobueva MN, Dobryakova YV, Manolova AO, Stepanichev MY, Kvichansky AA, Gulyaeva NV, Markevich VA, Bolshakov AP (2020) Intracerebroventricular administration of 192IgG-saporin alters the state of microglia in the neocortex. Neurochem J 14(1):37-42. doi: 10.1134/S1819712420010213
Objective: The effect of intracerebroventricular (icv) immunotoxin administration on the state of microglia in tissues adjacent to the ventricle (striatum and parietal cortex) and remotely located but receiving innervation from the medial septal region and diagonal band of Broca (entorhinal cortex and olfactory bulbs).
Summary: 1.5 months after the administration of immunotoxin, microglia are activated only in the neocortical areas, not in the striatum or olfactory bulbs.
Usage: Injected bilaterally at a dose of 4 μg in each ventricle.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration due to obstructive sleep apnoea increases Alzheimer’s pathology in mice.
Qian L, Kasas L, Milne MR, Rawashdeh O, Marks N, Sharma A, Bellingham MC, Coulson EJ (2020) Cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration due to obstructive sleep apnoea increases Alzheimer’s pathology in mice. bioRxiv 2020.03.12.989848. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.12.989848
Usage: bilateral injections of urotensin II-saporin (UII-SAP; 0.07 μg/μL per site – unless stated otherwise; generous gift from Advanced Targeting Systems)
Related Products: Custom Conjugates, Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Exploration of sensory and spinal neurons expressing gastrin-releasing peptide in itch and pain related behaviors.
Barry DM, Liu XT, Liu B, Liu XY, Gao F, Zeng X, Liu J, Yang Q, Wilhelm S, Yin J, Tao A, Chen ZF (2020) Exploration of sensory and spinal neurons expressing gastrin-releasing peptide in itch and pain related behaviors. Nat Commun 11(1):1397. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15230-y
Objective: To determine the role of GRP in sensory neurons.
Summary: GRP is a neuropeptide in sensory neurons for nonhistaminergic itch, and GRP sensory neurons are dedicated to itch transmission.
Usage: Bombesin-SAP (200 ng/5 μL, i.t.) was injected 2 weeks prior to optical stimulation.
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)
Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches to target amygdala-projecting serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that enhance anxiety-related and conditioned fear behaviors.
Bernabe CS, Caliman IF, Truitt WA, Molosh AI, Lowry CA, Hay-Schmidt A, Shekhar A, Johnson PL (2020) Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches to target amygdala-projecting serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that enhance anxiety-related and conditioned fear behaviors. J Psychopharmacol 34(4):400-411. doi: 10.1177/0269881119900981
Objective: To investigate the role of amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR in innate anxiety and conditioned fear behaviors.
Summary: The studies support the hypothesis that amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR represent an anxiety and fear-on network.
Usage: Each rat received two bilateral microinjections per site (100 nL each, 1 μM in artificial cerebrospinal fluid) of either Anti-SERT-SAP or the control Mouse IgG-SAP.
Related Products: Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)
Neuroprotective role of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in the presence of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons degeneration in aged mice
Cutuli D, Landolfo E, Decandia D, Nobili A, Viscomi MT, La Barbera L, Sacchetti S, De Bartolo P, Curci A, D’Amelio M, Farioli-Vecchioli S, Petrosini L (2020) Neuroprotective role of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in the presence of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons degeneration in aged mice. Int J Mol Sci 21(5):1741. doi: 10.3390/ijms21051741 PMID: 32143275
Objective: Examine the neuroprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in an Alzheimer’s model of aged mice.
Summary: Aged mice were fed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) or a caloric-equivalent source of fat without n-3 PUFA. Afterward, mice were subjected to lesioning of the cholinergic system with mu p-75-SAP (Cat. IT-16) and assessed for dementia-like symptoms. Mice fed with n-3 PUFA performed better on memory retention tasks and had more exploratory behaviors.
Usage: Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of mu-p75-saporin (IT-16); total dosage 0.6 μg/mouse.
Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)
Inflammatory macrophages facilitate mechanical stress-induced osteogenesis.
Zhang F, Huan L, Xu T, Li G, Zheng B, Zhao H, Guo Y, Shi J, Sun J, Chen A (2020) Inflammatory macrophages facilitate mechanical stress-induced osteogenesis. Aging (Albany NY) 12(4):3617-3625. doi: 10.18632/aging.102833
Summary: In a mouse model of distraction osteogenesis (DO), there was significant increase in macrophages in the regeneration area. This suggests that targeting inflammatory macrophages may help to improve clinical bone repair.
Usage: For saporin-mediated depletion of macrophages, DO-surgery-treated mice received an intraventricular (iv) injection of either Mac-1-SAP or Rat IgG-SAP (20µg) once every 3 days.
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Rat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-17)
Intervening B-type natriuretic peptide signaling for controlling chronic itch.
Meng J, Chen W, Wang J (2020) Intervening B-type natriuretic peptide signaling for controlling chronic itch. Brit J Pharmacol 177(5):1025-1040. doi: 10.1111/bph.14952
Objective: Review of recent findings used to examine the role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in itch transduction and the modulation of other pururitic proteins.
Summary: Mice treated with Nppb-SAP ablated 70% of the BNP receptor-positive neurons in the spinal cord.
Related Products: Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)
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