targeted-toxins

Chen XJ, Sun YG (2020) Central circuit mechanisms of itch. Nat Commun 11:3052. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16859-5

Summary: The authors summarize the progress in elucidating the neural circuit mechanism of itch at spinal and supraspinal levels.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Giannoni P, Fossati S, Claeysen S, Marcello E, eds (2020) Identification of multiple targets in the fight against Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 12:169. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00169

Summary: A collection of 20 articles that depict a broad representation of the most impactful advances in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) comprehension and therapeutic openings.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Kiguchi N, Uta D, Ding H, Uchida H, Saika F, Matsuzaki S, Fukazawa Y, Abe M, Sakimura K, Ko MC, Kishioka S (2020) GRP receptor and AMPA receptor cooperatively regulate itch-responsive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Neuropharmacology 170:108025. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108025

Objective: To investigate the mechanisms for the activation of itch-responsive GRPR+ neurons in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH).

Summary: These findings demonstrate that GRP and glutamate cooperatively regulate GRPR+ AMPAR+ neurons in SDH, mediating itch sensation. GRP–GRPR and the glutamate–AMPAR system may play pivotal roles in the spinal transmission of itch in rodents and nonhuman primates.

Usage: Bombesin-SAP and Blank-SAP were administered i.t. (5 μg/5 μl).

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Cui S-Y, Huang Y-L, Cui X-Y, Zhao H-L, Hu X, Liu Y-T, Qin Y, Kurban N, Zhang Y-H (2020) A common neuronal mechanism of hypertension and sleep disturbances in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Role of orexinergic neurons. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 100:109902. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109902

Objective: To investigate dynamic changes in sleep patterns during the development of hypertension.

Summary: Although the correlation between sleep disturbances and hypertension is very complex, common mechanisms may underlie these comorbidities.

Usage: Orexin-B-SAP (HCRT2-SAP) was administered in two injections/side (100 and 200 ng/0.5 μl/injection).

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Driessen AK, McGovern AE, Behrens R, Moe AAK, Farrell MJ, Mazzone SB (2020) A role for neurokinin 1 receptor expressing neurons in the paratrigeminal nucleus in bradykinin-evoked cough in guinea-pigs. J Physiol 598(11):2257-2275. doi: 10.1113/JP279644

Objective: This study aimed to assess the involvement of paratrigeminal neurokinin 1 receptor neurons in the regulation of cough, breathing and airway defensive responses.

Summary: These findings warrant further investigations into targeting the jugular ganglia and paratrigeminal nucleus as a therapy for treating cough in disease.

Usage: Targeted toxin lesions across three sites of the paratrigeminal nucleus (200nl per injection site).

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Easton A, Barros M, Lever C (2020) Acetylcholine and spontaneous recognition memory in rodents and primates. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 45:29-45. doi: 10.1007/7854_2020_132

Summary: Review of lesioning designed to specifically target cells that express acetylcholine as a transmitter.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Parikh V, Bangasser DA (2020) Cholinergic signaling dynamics and cognitive control of attention. Shoaib M., Wallace T (Ed.): Behavioral Pharmacology of the Cholinergic System. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. 45:71-87. Springer, Cham doi: 10.1007/7854_2020_133

Summary: A plethora of studies conducted in rodents demonstrated that selective lesions of BF cholinergic neurons and their cortical inputs produced by the immunotoxin 192-IgG-SAP impair performance in various tasks of attention.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Souza-Silva E, Stein T, Mascarin LZ, Dornelles FN, Bicca MA, Tonussi CR (2020) Intra-articular injection of 2-pyridylethylamine produces spinal NPY-mediated antinociception in the formalin-induced rat knee-joint pain model. Brain Res 1735:146757. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146757 PMID: 32135147

Objective: To investigate the participation of spinal NPY in the antinociceptive effect produced by 2-pyridylethylamine (2-PEA).

Summary: These data support the idea that antinociception induced by H1R agonists in the knee-joint of rats may be mediated by the spinal release of NPY, and this peptide seems to be acting via Y1R.

Usage: IT pretreatment with NPY-SAP (750 ng) reduced immunoblotting for Y1R in spinal cord homogenates.

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28)

Silva JDN, Oliveira LM, Souza FC, Moreira TS, Takakura AC (2020) GABAergic neurons of the medullary raphe regulate active expiration during hypercapnia. J Neurophysiol 123(5):1933-1943. doi: 0.1152/jn.00698.2019 PMID: 32267190

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the medullary raphe, a region known to be involved in breathing, also contributes to expiratory activity under hypercapnic conditions.

Summary: Depletion of serotonergic neurons with Anti-SERT-SAP (IT-23) injections into raphe obscurus (ROb) and magnus (RMg) did not increase the amplitude of abdominal activity during hypercapnia. These results show that the presumably GABAergic neurons within the RMg and ROb may be the inhibitory source to modulate the activity of the parafacial respiratory group during hypercapnia condition.

Usage: Intraparenchymal injections of Anti-SERT-SAP (IT-23) were injected into ROb or RMg at (10 µg/µl).

Related Products: Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23)

Vasquez JH, Borniger JC (2020) Neuroendocrine and behavioral consequences of hyperglycemia in cancer. Endocrinology 161(5):bqaa047. doi: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa047 PMID: 32193527

Summary: Ablation of norepinephrine containing projections to the arcuate (via Anti-DBH-SAP injections) alters AgRP and neuropeptide (NPY) concentrations, leading to impairments in hypoglycemic (glucoprivic) or ghrelin-induced feeding.

Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP (bilateral 42-ng intracranial injections) was used in rats to investigate the role of hindbrain catecholamine afferents in increased ARC NPY and AgRP gene expression.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

See Also:

• Fraley GS et al. Immunolesion of norepinephrine and epinephrine afferents to medial hypothalamus alters basal and 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the arcuate nucleus. Endocrinology 144(1):75-83, 2003.