targeted-toxins

Hernández-Melesio MA, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Jiménez-Capdeville ME, Martínez-Lazcano JC, Santoyo-Pérez ME, Quevedo-Corona L, Gerónimo-Olvera C, Sánchez-Mendoza A, Ríos C, Pérez-Severiano F (2019) Nitric oxide donor molsidomine promotes retrieval of object recognition memory in a model of cognitive deficit induced by 192 IgG-saporin. Behav Brain Res 366:108-117. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.031

Objective: To analyze the potential of a NO donor (molsidomine, MOLS) to prevent the recognition memory deficits resulting from the septal cholinergic denervation by 192-IgG-SAP in rats.

Summary: Results showed that 192-IgG-SAP reduced the immunoreactivity of cholinergic septal neurons (41%), compared with PBS-receiving control rats (p < 0.05).

Usage: The injection reached the medial septum (MS) structure with 192-IgG-SAP diluted in PBS solution (0.22 μg in 1μl) or PBS as control, both at 0.25 μl/min, allowing diffusion for 3 min, AP+0.6, L 0.0, V−7.0 from Bregma.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Weiner GA, Shah SH, Angelopoulos CM, Bartakova AB, Pulido RS, Murphy A, Nudleman E, Daneman R, Goldberg JL (2019) Cholinergic neural activity directs retinal layer-specific angiogenesis and blood retinal barrier formation. Nat Commun 10(1):2477. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10219-8

Objective: To determine which neurons are responsible for angiogenesis and blood retinal barrier formation.

Summary: Anti-ChAT-SAP reduces SAC (starburst amacrine cell) number and inhibits deep-layer angiogenesis.

Usage: Anti-ChAT-SAP or control Rabbit-IgG-SAP were injected intravitreally at P3 and P11 (0.12 mg/mL in PBS).

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Liang YJ, Feng SY, Qi YP, Li K, Jin ZR, Jing HB, Liu LY, Cai J, Xing GG, Fu KY. (2019) Contribution of microglial reaction to increased nociceptive responses in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 80:777-792. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.026

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

Bernabe C, Caliman I, de Abreu A, Dustrude E, Molosh A, Shekhar A, Johnson P (2019) S38. Dissecting the functional heterogeneity of serotonergic systems that regulate fear and panic. Biol Psychiatry 85(10):S311. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.789

Objective: To elucidate the role of these serotonergic networks on learned fear and innate panic responses.

Summary: LED excitation or lesioning of PeF projecting 5-HT system respectively attenuated and enhanced panic-associated escape/flight behaviors and cardioexcitation following a 7.5 and 20% CO2 challenge.

Usage: Anti-SERT-SAP was injected into the BLA or PeF to lesion these 5-HT pathways.

Related Products: Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23)

Nelson TS, Fu W, Donahue RR, Corder GF, Hökfelt T, Wiley RG, Taylor BK (2019) Facilitation of neuropathic pain by the NPY Y1 receptor-expressing subpopulation of excitatory interneurons in the dorsal horn. Sci Rep 9(1):7248. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43493-z PMID: 31076578

Objective: To test the relevance of the NPYY1 spinal population to the development and/or maintenance of acute and neuropathic pain.

Summary: This neuroanatomical and behavioral characterization of Y1R-expressing excitatory interneurons provides compelling evidence for the development of spinally-directed  Y1R agonists to reduce chronic neuropathic pain.

Usage: Selectively ablated Y1R-expressing interneurons while sparing the central terminals of primary afferents. Rats received intrathecal injections of either NPY-SAP or control Blank-SAP (1000 ng each).

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

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Fatima M, Ren X, Pan H, Slade HFE, Asmar AJ, Xiong CM, Shi A, Xiong AE, Wang L, Duan B (2019) Spinal somatostatin-positive interneurons transmit chemical itch. Pain 160(5):1166-1174. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001499

Objective: To further study the cellular identity of spinal interneurons that contribute to itch processing.

Summary: Findings reveal a novel spinal mechanism for sensory encoding of itch perception.

Usage: Npra receptor–expressing spinal cord interneurons were ablated through intrathecal injection of Nppb-SAP (5 μg/10 μL) or control Blank-SAP in lumbar segment 3 to 4. Behavioral analyses were performed 1 week after the toxin injection.

Related Products: Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Chun E, Bumanglag AV, Burke SN, Sloviter RS (2019) Targeted hippocampal GABA neuron ablation by stable substance P-saporin causes hippocampal sclerosis and chronic epilepsy in rats. Epilepsia 60(5):e52-e57. doi: 10.1111/epi.14723

Objective: Hippocampal GABA neurons were targeted for selective elimination to determine whether a focal hippocampal GABAergic defect in an otherwise normal brain can initiate cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.

Summary: Hippocampal GABAergic dysfunction is epileptogenic and can produce the defining features of cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy.

Usage: Intrahippocampal injections of SSP-SAP (0.4 ng/10 nL) were performed using a 0.5-μL Neuros Syringe lowered into four hippocampal sites along both the transverse and longitudinal hippocampal axes bilaterally.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Benade V, Daripelli S, Tirumalasetty C, Subramanian R, Petlu S, Badange R, Nirogi R (2019) 0054 SUVN-G3031, a histamine H3 receptor inverse agonist produces wake promoting effect in orexin-2-saporin lesioned rats. Sleep 42(Supplement_1):A22-A23. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsz067.053

Summary: Rats lesioned with Orexin-SAP in lateral hypothalamus produced narcoleptic-like behavior.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Deura C, Minabe S, Ikegami K, Inoue N, Uenoyama Y, Maeda KI, Tsukamura H (2019) Morphological analysis for neuronal pathway from the hindbrain ependymocytes to the hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons. J Reprod Dev 65(2):129-137. doi: 10.1262/jrd.2018-122

Objective: To examine the existence of a neuronal pathway from the hindbrain ependymocytes to kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV).

Summary: The hindbrain ependymocytes have neuronal connections with the kisspeptin neurons, most probably via hindbrain noradrenergic and CRH neurons to relay low energetic signals for regulation of reproduction.

See: I’Anson H et al. Immunotoxic destruction of distinct catecholaminergic neuron populations disrupts the reproductive response to glucoprivation in female rats. Endocrinology 144(10):4325-4331, 2003.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Urquhart MA, Ross JA, Reyes BAS, Nitikman M, Thomas SA, Mackie K, Van Bockstaele EJ (2019) Noradrenergic depletion causes sex specific alterations in the endocannabinoid system in the Murine prefrontal cortex. Neurobiology of Stress 10:100164. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100164

Objective: To determine the effects of NE depletion on the eCB system.

Summary: The results suggest that the endocannabinoids (eCB) system may be more responsive in males than females under conditions of NE perturbation, thus having potential implications for sex-specific treatment strategies of stress-related psychiatric disorders.

Usage: The authors used a DBH knockout model and DSP-4 (a compound that depletes endogenous norepinephrine and enhances release of [3H]norepinephrine). More specific mechanisms for further corroboration could be undertaken, such as using Anti-DBH-SAP to provide a more complete lesion compared to DSP-4.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)