References

Maunze B (2022) Pituitary adenylate cylase-activating polypeptide receptor: Multiple signaling pathways involved in energy homeostasis. Marquette University Dissertations 1212. Thesis.

Objective: To determine the endogenous role of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in affecting the ventromedial nuclei (VMN) of the hypothalamus and its control of feeding and energy expenditure through the Type I PAC1 receptor (PAC1R).

Summary: VMN cells expressing PAC1 receptors in Male Sprague Dawley rats were knocked down via injection of Saporin or PACAP-SAP and trafficking also pharmacologically inhibited. This increased meal sizes, reduced total number of meals, and induced body weight gain. PACAP signaling replicates the effects of leptin administration in the VMN and appears to enable leptin regulation of energy homeostasis. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to show that VMN PAC1 and leptin receptors are found in the same cell, and they form an immunocomplex. Inhibiting downstream effectors of PACAP signaling, such as PKA and PKC, enhanced or prevented leptin signaling respectively. The current findings revealed that endogenous PACAP signaling in the VMN has a potent regulatory influence over both energy intake in the form of feeding, and energy output via thermogenesis and locomotor activity. Moreover, PACAP actions in the VMN share nearly identical secondary effects as with leptin administration in the same brain region suggesting that these two neuropeptides could functionally intersect.

Related Products: PACAP-SAP (Cat. #IT-84)

Liu H, Xue Y, Chen L (2022) Angiotensin II increases the firing activity of pallidal neurons and participates in motor control in rats. Metab Brain Dis 38:573-587. doi: 10.1007/s11011-022-01127-w PMID: 36454502

Objective: To investigate the functions of angiotensin II (Ang II)/angiotensin subtype 1 receptor (AT1R) on the globus pallidus neurons of both normal and Parkinsonian rats.

Summary: The authors conclude that pallidal Ang II/AT1R alleviated Parkinsonian motor deficits by activating globus pallidus neurons. This provides a rationale for further investigations into the potential of Ang II for treating motor disorders originating from the basal ganglia.

Usage: Coronal Sections (40 μm) containing the globus pallidus were blocked with 5% BSA and 0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS for 45 min and subsequently incubated with AT1R antibody (AB-N27AP) for 48 h at 4°.

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)

Hoffman S, Alvares D, Adeli K (2022) GLP-1 attenuates intestinal fat absorption and chylomicron production via vagal afferent nerves originating in the portal vein. Mol Metab 65:101590. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101590 PMID: 36067913

Objective: To examine the effect of vagal GLP-1 signaling on intestinal fat absorption and lipoprotein production.

Summary: Selective deafferentation of GLP-1R-containing nodose neurons with GLP-1R (Exenatide)-SAP caused significant increases in postprandial (but not fasting) plasma TG, plasma cholesterol, and TRL TG following an olive oil gavage. Over a 2-week period, increased food consumption and elevated liver lipids were also observed.

Usage: GLP-1R-SAP or Blank-SAP was administered to Syrian golden hamsters (bilateral nodose ganglia; 1 µg/1 µl).

Related Products: Ex4-SAP (GLP-1-SAP) (Cat. #IT-90), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Kim S, Shukla RK, Yu H, Baek A, Cressman SG, Golconda S, Lee GE, Choi H, Reneau JC, Wang Z, Huang CA, Liyanage NPM, Kim S (2022) CD3e-immunotoxin spares CD62Llo Tregs and reshapes organ-specific T-cell composition by preferentially depleting CD3ehi T cells. Front Immunol 13:1011190. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011190

Objective: To use a new murine testing model to demonstrate a substantial enrichment of tissue-resident Foxp3+ Tregs following CD3e-IT treatment.

Summary: The multi-organ pharmacodynamics of CD3e-IT and potential treatment resistance mechanisms identified in this study may generate new opportunities to further improve this promising treatment.

Usage: Male C57BL/6J mice were injected into retro-orbital sinus with 15 μg S-CD3e-IT (Biotinylated Anti-CD3 mixed with Streptavidin-ZAP in sterile 200 μl PBS twice a day for four consecutive days.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Brock O, Gelegen CE, Sully P, Salgarella I, Jager P, Menage L, Mehta I, Jęczmień-Łazur J, Djama D, Strother L, Coculla A, Vernon A, Brickley S, Holland P, Cooke S, Delogu A (2022) A role for thalamic projection GABAergic neurons in circadian responses to light. J Neurosci doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0112-21.2022 PMID: 36280260

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38), Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)

Gudgeon J, Marin-Rubio JL, Trost M (2022) The role of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in inflammatory disorders and cancer. Front Immunol 13:1012002. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012002

Objective: Review the role of Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in health and disease, focusing on the molecular mechanisms influencing expression, its effect on disease process, macrophage function and signaling pathways, and the therapeutic potential of targeting MSR1.

Summary: MSR1 is primarily found on the surface of various types of macrophages and affects processes such as astherosclerosis, innate and adaptive immunity, lung and liver disease and cancer. Recently, MSR1 has been implicated to trigger inflammatory and tumorigenic pathways. MSR1 is most often correlated with the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype. Investigations into anti-inflammatory signalling downstream of MSR1 are vital to fully understand the influence of MSR1 expression in inflammatory disease. Manipulating M2 macrophages through MSR1 may represent a new targeted therapeutic approach for diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases.

Usage: In reviewing therapeutic strategies, an antibody-based method was developed using the 2F8 anti-SR-A monoclonal antibody. The antibody conjugated to RAT-ZAP and unconjugated saporin was delivered to mice via intraperitoneal injection to deplete vascular leukocytes (VLCs) from the peritoneum to reduce the tumor burden. 4.8 μg of Rat-ZAP in the absence or presence of 4 μg of clone 2F8 antibody was incubated on ice for 30 min.

Related Products: Rat-ZAP (Cat. #IT-26)

Bochi APG, Ferreira GDS, Del Bianco V, Pinto PR, Rodrigues LG, Trevisani MDS, Furukawa LNS, Bispo KCS, da Silva AA, Velosa APP, Nakandakare ER, Machado UF, Teodoro WPR, Passarelli M, Catanozi S (2022) Aerobic exercise training reduces atherogenesis induced by low-sodium diet in LDL receptor knockout mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 11(10):2023. doi: 10.3390/antiox11102023 PMID: 36290746

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of aerobic exercise training (AET) in the prevention of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (IR), and atherogenesis induced by severe low-sodium (LS) diet.

Summary: AET counteracts the deleterious effects of chronic LS diet in atherogenesis by reducing peripheral insulin resistance, lipid infiltration, carboxymethyllysine, receptor for advanced glycation end products, 4-HNE, and AT1 receptor in the intima-media of the brachiocephalic trunk in LDL receptor knockout mice.

Usage: IF staining (1:50)

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)

Silva AR (2022) Uncovering central and peripheral pain mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. King’s College London Thesis.

Objective: To investigate alterations within the nociceptive pathways, under neuropathic pain conditions.

Summary: The data suggest a disrupted opioidergic tone in TASTPM mice, which followed by peripheral nerve injury, is mediated by peripheral immune cells.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

See Also:

• Brightwell JJ et al. Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus contribute to neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 160:174-185, 2009.

Yang R, Gao Y, Li H, Huang W, Tu D, Yang M, Liu X, Hong JS, Gao HM (2022) Posttranslational S-nitrosylation modification regulates HMGB1 secretion and promotes its proinflammatory and neurodegenerative effects. Cell Rep 40(11):111330. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111330 PMID: 36103834

Objective: To demonstrate that S-nitrosylation (SNO) is essential and sufficient for inflammation-elicited HMGB1 secretion.

Summary: Results indicate crucial roles for SNO modification in HMGB1 secretion and HMGB1-Mac1 interaction for inflammatory neurodegeneration, identifying a mechanistic basis for Parkinson’s Disease development.

Usage: Confocal double-label immunofluorescence (1:1000)

Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)

Zhou XA, Ngiam G, Qian L, Sankorrakul K, Coulson EJ, Chuang KH (2022) The basal forebrain volume reduction detected by MRI does not necessarily link with the cholinergic neuronal loss in the Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 117:24-32. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.017 PMID: 35640461

Objective: Assess basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neuron number by histological counts and compare with the volume measurements from an in vivo MRI Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse model.

Summary: Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the BF contributes to cognitive impairment in AD. A decrease of BF volume measured by structural MRI is thought to represent loss of cholinergic neurons. As there are various types of neurons in the BF, whether this MRI measurement actually reflects the change of cholinergic neurons has not been verified. To test whether specific loss of cholinergic neurons results in BF reduction, the authors ablated cholinergic neurons in the Medial septum.

Usage: Lesions were made via injections of mu-p75-SAP (0.5 mg/ml) or control Rabbit-IgG-SAP (0.5 mg/mL) into ten-week-old female C57Bl/6J mice. However, there was no detectable change in MRI volume between lesioned and unlesioned mice. The results indicate that although loss of cholinergic neurons within the BF likely contribute to volume loss, this change in volume cannot be taken as a direct biomarker of cholinergic neuron number.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)