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Toward better pain control.
Basbaum AI, Julius D (2006) Toward better pain control. Sci Am 294(6):60-67. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0606-60
Summary: The authors discuss some of the advances in understanding and treating different types of pain, and specifically outline circuits, receptors, and ligands involved in pain pathways. Several treatments are described, one of which is the use of SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) to disrupt the chronic pain pathway in the spinal cord.
Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07)
Lack of neurogenesis in the adult rat cerebellum after Purkinje cell degeneration and growth factor infusion.
Grimaldi P, Rossi F (2006) Lack of neurogenesis in the adult rat cerebellum after Purkinje cell degeneration and growth factor infusion. Eur J Neurosci 23(10):2657-2668. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04803.x
Summary: Although neurogenesis occurs in very specific areas of the mammalian brain, neural progenitors can be found in many central nervous system sites. Here the authors examined neurogenesis in the rat cerebellum. 2.2 µg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) was injected into each lateral ventricle, and some animals were given exogenous EGF, bFGF, or FGF8. In this model, the local environment was not sufficient to direct neuronal differentiation, even with the addition of growth factors.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Evaluate Potential Targeting Molecules.
Kohls M (2006) Evaluate Potential Targeting Molecules. Nature Methods
Summary: Targeted toxins — targeting agents conjugated to saporin — are widely used to eliminate specific cell populations both in vitro and in vivo. For these molecules to be effective, it is vital that the targeting component of the conjugate specifically binds the cells of interest. A secondary conjugate, Streptavidin-ZAP, has been created by attaching the toxin saporin to streptavidin. The user can combine primary biotinylated material with Streptavidin-ZAP to quickly and economically screen potential targeting molecules for internalization and specificity. Once the appropriate targeting molecule is identified, a direct conjugation with saporin can be performed.
Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)
A putative flip-flop switch for control of REM sleep.
Lu J, Sherman D, Devor M, Saper CB (2006) A putative flip-flop switch for control of REM sleep. Nature 441(1):589-594. doi: 10.1038/nature04767
Summary: The authors propose a REM sleep regulatory system that involves GABAergic and glutaminergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum. Among other work, 2 µl of 0.1% orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) was injected into the medial medullary reticular formation of rats. This work suggests the sharp transitions into and out of REM sleep are controlled by reciprocal interactions between GABAergic REM-off and REM-on neuronal populations.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Hypotensive hypovolemia and hypoglycemia activate different hindbrain catecholamine neurons with projections to the hypothalamus.
Dinh TT, Flynn FW, Ritter S (2006) Hypotensive hypovolemia and hypoglycemia activate different hindbrain catecholamine neurons with projections to the hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291(4):R870-R879. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00094.2006
Summary: Hypovolemia, a decrease in blood plasma volume, results in secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP). This work investigates the role of hindbrain catecholamine neurons in hypovolemia-induced AVP secretion. Rats were treated with bilateral 42 ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and hypovolemia was induced by blood withdrawal. Treated animals displayed severely impaired AVP response, as well as lower food intake and corticosterone secretion in response to insulin.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
Attenuation of homeostatic responses to hypotension and glucoprivation after destruction of catecholaminergic rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) neurons.
Madden CJ, Stocker SD, Sved AF (2006) Attenuation of homeostatic responses to hypotension and glucoprivation after destruction of catecholaminergic rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291(3):R751-R759. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00800.2005
Summary: C1 neurons in the RVLM express dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) was used to eliminate these neurons and examine cardiovascular homeostasis in response to a physiological challenge such as hypotension. 21 ng of anti-DBH-SAP was injected into the RVLM of rats. After food and water had been removed from the cage, the lesioned animals were treated with hydralazine to reduce blood pressure. The results demonstrate that RVLM-C1 cells are involved in responses to homeostatic challenges.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
Aversive stimulus attenuates impairment of acquisition in a delayed match to position T-maze task caused by a selective lesion of septo-hippocampal cholinergic projections.
Fitz NF, Gibbs RB, Johnson DA (2006) Aversive stimulus attenuates impairment of acquisition in a delayed match to position T-maze task caused by a selective lesion of septo-hippocampal cholinergic projections. Brain Res Bull 69(6):660-665. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.011
Summary: It is known that infusion of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum of rats impairs acquisition of a delayed matching to position (DMP) T-maze task. Here, the authors evaluated whether introduction of an aversive stimulus 30 minutes prior to training would attenuate this deficit. Treated rats received 0.22 µg of 192-IgG-SAP injected into the medial septum. Data indicate that treated rats receiving an intraperitoneal injection of saline 30 minutes prior to training displayed less impairment than rats not receiving the aversive stimulus.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Differential responsiveness of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase gene expression to glucoprivation in different catecholamine cell groups.
Li AJ, Wang Q, Ritter S (2006) Differential responsiveness of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase gene expression to glucoprivation in different catecholamine cell groups. Endocrinology 147(7):3428-3434. doi: 10.1210/en.2006-0235
Summary: This work examines how subpopulations of hindbrain catecholaminergic neurons participate in systemic glucoregulation. Rats were treated with bilateral 42 ng infusions of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) expression in glucoprivic animals was then analyzed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The data demonstrate that the ventrolateral medulla contains most of the catecholamine neurons responsive to glucoprivation.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Effect of nucleus basalis magnocellularis cholinergic lesions on fear-like and anxiety-like behavior.
Knox D, Berntson GG (2006) Effect of nucleus basalis magnocellularis cholinergic lesions on fear-like and anxiety-like behavior. Behav Neurosci 120(2):307-312. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.120.2.307
Summary: Neurons in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and substantia innominata (NBM/SI) may play a role in mediating some aspects of aversive states. The authors used 0.1 µg injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the NBM/SI of rats to investigate the role these neurons play in elevated maze behavior and fear-conditioned behavioral suppression. The lesions did not affect the elevated maze behavior, but behavioral suppression was attenuated. The results indicate that NBM/SI cholinergic neurons are involved in the mediation of anxiety-like states.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Featured Article: Targeted toxins in pain
Wiley RG (2006) Featured Article: Targeted toxins in pain. Targeting Trends 7(2)
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23), SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12),