References

Guo SS, Gong Y, Zhang TT, Su XY, Wu YJ, Yan YX, Cao Y, Song XL, Xie JC, Wu D, Jiang Q, Li Y, Zhao X, Zhu MX, Xu TL, Liu MG (2024) A thalamic nucleus reuniens-lateral septum-lateral hypothalamus circuit for comorbid anxiety-like behaviors in chronic itch. Sci Adv 10(33):eadn6272. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6272 PMID: 39150998

Objective: To investigate anxiety-like behaviors in mouse models of chronic itch and identify lateral septum (LS) GABAergic neurons as key mediators through thalamic and hypothalamic circuit interactions.

Summary: Chronic itch amplifies excitatory inputs from the thalamic nucleus reuniens to LS GABAergic neurons, promoting anxiety-like behaviors. Inhibiting the Re → LS circuit reduces anxiety related to chronic itch but not restraint stress, highlighting its specificity. LS GABAergic neurons suppress lateral hypothalamus activity to mediate chronic itch-induced anxiety, with Bombesin-SAP targeting spinal itch neurons to confirm this pathway’s role.

Usage: Mice were intrathecally injected with Bombesin-SAP (IT-40) (400 ng/5 μl). Blank-SAP (IT-21) (400 ng/5 μl) was administered similarly to a control.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Zhang Q, Xue J, Tang J, Wu S, Liu Z, Wu C, Liu C, Liu Y, Lin J, Han J, Liu L, Chen Y, Yang J, Li Z, Zhao L, Wei Y, Li Y, Zhuo Y (2024) Modulating amacrine cell-derived dopamine signaling promotes optic nerve regeneration and preserves visual function. Sci Adv 10(31):eado0866. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ado0866 PMID: 39093964

Objective: To identify a unique subtype of amacrine cells (ACs), dopaminergic ACs (DACs), that respond early to optic nerve crush by downregulating neuronal activity and reducing retinal dopamine (DA) release.

Summary: Activation of DACs or augmentation of DA release using levodopa demonstrated neuroprotective effects and modestly enhanced axon regeneration. The dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) was also identified as a critical mediator of DAC-derived DA, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-specific DRD1 overexpression effectively overcame subtype-specific barriers to regeneration.

Usage: Immunostaining of retinal cryosections and whole mounts (1:1000) (AB-N39).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)

Islam S, Gleber-Netto FO, Mulcahy CF, Glaun MDE, Srivastava S, Hunt PJ, Williams MD, Barbon CE, Spiotto M, Zhao W, Adebayo A, Akhter S, Xie T, Debnath KC, Sathishkumar HN, Myers B, Lothumalla S, Yama I, Burks JK, Gomez J, Rao X, Wang J, Woodman K, Mansour J, Arenkiel B, Osman KL, Haxton C, Lever TE, Hutcheson KA, Amit M (2024) Neural landscape is associated with functional outcomes in irradiated patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Sco Transl Med 16:eabq5585. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq5585

Objective: To understand the correlation between neuronal changes and patient-reported and functional outcomes in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).

Summary: Tumor enrichment of adrenergic (TH+) and CGRP+ sensory–afferent nerves correlated with poorer swallowing outcomes. Functional electromyography recordings showed correlations between growing (GAP43+) and immature cholinergic (ChAT+DCX+) nerves and denervation patterns in survivors of OPSCC. A murine model of radiation-induced dysphagia further confirmed that immature cholinergic and CGRP+ nerves were correlated with impaired swallowing. The results suggest that CGRP+ and ChAT+ neuronal signaling play distinct roles in tumor- and radiation-induced dysphagia in OPSCC and offer a comprehensive dataset on the neural landscape of OPSCC.

Usage: 500 μg in 3 μl of alpha-CGRP-streptavidin-saporin (CGRP-SAP; #IT-94) and anti-ChAT-SAP (#IT-42) was stereotactically injected into the intraganglionic region over 3 min.

Related Products: CGRP-SAP (Cat. #IT-94), Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)

Kwok CHT, Harding EK, Burma NE, Markovic T, Massaly N, van den Hoogen NJ, Stokes-Heck S, Gambeta E, Komarek K, Yoon HJ, Navis KE, McAllister BB, Canet-Pons J, Fan C, Dalgarno R, Gorobets E, Papatzimas JW, Zhang Z, Kohro Y, Anderson CL, Thompson RJ, Derksen DJ, Morón JA, Zamponi GW, Trang T (2024) Pannexin-1 channel inhibition alleviates opioid withdrawal in rodents by modulating locus coeruleus to spinal cord circuitry. Nat Commun 15(1):6264. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50657-7 PMID: 39048565

Objective: To show that pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels expressed on microglia critically modulate LC activity during opioid withdrawal.

Summary: The findings demonstrate that microglial Panx1 channels modulate LC noradrenergic circuitry during opioid withdrawal and reinstatement. Blocking Panx1 to dampen LC hyperexcitability may, therefore, provide a therapeutic strategy for alleviating the physical and aversive components of opioid withdrawal.

Usage: Mac-1-SAP (IT-06) was injected through the cannula (15 µg) for three consecutive days before systemic naloxone administration.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

Bryder D, Konturk-Ciesla A, Zhang Q, Kharazi S (2024) A non-invasive stem cell therapy boosts lymphopoiesis and averts age-related blood diseases in mice. Research Square doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4528815/v1

Objective: To develop a murine transplantation model based on low-intensity conditioning protocols using antibody-mediated Hematopoietic stem cell.

Summary: Authors demonstrate that young HSCs, once transplanted, survive and thrive in aged hosts, dramatically improving hematopoietic output and ameliorating age-compromised lymphopoiesis.

Usage: Intravenous injection of CD45-SAP (3 mg/kg, IT-91). Biotinylated anti-CD45.2 antibodies were mixed with streptavidin-saporin conjugate at a 1:1 molar ratio (IT-27).

Related Products: Anti-CD45.2-SAP (Cat. #IT-91), Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Ciuro M, Sangiorgio M, Cacciato V, Cantone G, Fichera C, Salvatorelli L, Magro G, Leanza G, Vecchio M, Valle MS, Gulino R (2024) Mitigating the functional deficit after neurotoxic motoneuronal loss by an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission. Int J Mol Sci 25(13):7059. doi: 10.3390/ijms25137059 PMID: 39000168

Objective: To use the Cholera Toxin B-Saporin (CTB-SAP) mouse animal model of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to determine the efficacy of mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1) for its potential neuroprotective effect.

Summary: Mdivi-1 reduced motor deficits in the ALS model. It also showed neuroprotective effects on motoneurons and promoted plasticity. This could represent a translational approach for motoneuron disorders.

Usage: To establish the model, mice received two injections of the retrogradely transported, ribosome-inactivating toxin, CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14) into the medial and lateral right gastrocnemius muscles, respectively, with a toxin dose of 6 μg/2 μL in PBS per injection.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Kiyokawa Y, Ootaki M, Kambe Y, Tanaka KD, Kimura G, Tanikawa T, Takeuchi Y (2024) Approach/avoidance behavior to novel objects is correlated with the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in the brown rat (rattus norvegicus). Neuroscience 549:110-120. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.003 PMID: 38723837

Objective: To compare the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems immunohistochemically among rats.

Summary: The serotonergic system suppresses avoidance behavior, while the dopaminergic system enhances approach behavior to novel objects.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry (1:5000) Anti‐CRH antibody (AB‐02).

Related Products: Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-02)

Simpson J, Starke CE, Ortiz AM, Ransier A, Darko S, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Fennessey CM, Keele BF, Douek DC, Price DA, Brenchley JM (2024) Immunotoxin-mediated depletion of Gag-specific CD8+ T cells undermines natural control of Simian immunodeficiency virus. JCI Insight e174168. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.174168 PMID: 38885329

Objective: To investigate the role of gag epitope-specific CD8+ T cells in the immune control of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in a nonhuman primate model.

Summary: Antibody-mediated depletion studies suggest that CD8+ T cells suppress SIV replication, but bulk depletion of CD8+ T cells may increase SIV target cells. Authors selectively depleted CD8+ T cells specific to the CM9 epitope, but this didn’t suppress viral replication in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. The data indicate that CM9-specific CD8+ T cells alone are not sufficient for immune control of SIV.

Usage: Streptavidin-ZAP was added stepwise to purified CM9 monomers to a final molar ratio of 1:4 and administered intravenously at a doses of 350 pmol/kg, 500 pmol/kg, 1 nmol/kg, or 2 nmol/kg at various time intervals.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

See Also:

• Hess PR et al. Selective deletion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by MHC class I tetramers coupled to the type I ribosome-inactivating protein saporin. Blood 109:3300-3307, 2007.
• Leitman EM et al. Saporin-conjugated tetramers identify efficacious anti-HIV CD8+ T-cell specificities. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0184496.

Yang Q, Liu L, He F, Zhao W, Chen Z, Wu X, Rao B, Lin X, Mao F, Qu J, Zhang J (2024) Retinal ganglion cell type-specific expression of synuclein family members revealed by scRNA-sequencing. Int J Med Sci 21(8):1472-1490. doi: 10.7150/ijms.95598

Objective: To analyze the single-cell transcriptome in healthy and injured retinas to investigate their expression patterns and roles.

Summary: The study revealed that Snca expression varies across RGC subtypes, while Sncb and Sncg are uniformly expressed. Following traumatic axonal injury, Snca, Sncb, and Sncg levels decreased. The proportions of α-Syn-positive RGCs and ipRGCs remained unchanged, with notable changes in Ptn-Ncl and NCAM signaling pathways preceding cell death.

Usage: Immunofluorescence staining (AB-N39) (1:3000).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)

Toledo C, Del Rio R (2024) Cardiorespiratory disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease: A focus on the contribution of sympathetic premotor neurons. Am Physiol Summit 39(S1) doi: 10.1152/physiol.2024.39.S1.2540

Objective: To characterize cardiorespiratory function in AD patients and then to determine the role of RVLM-C1 neurons in autonomic and sleep-disordered breathing in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, and experimental model showing AD-like pathology.

Summary: Results show that RVLM-C1 neurons play a main role in the development/maintenance of cardiorespiratory disorders in experimental AD.

Usage: Bilateral stereotaxic injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (IT-03) into the RVLM were used to selectively destroy C1 neurons.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)