References

Huang L, Zhu W, Li N, Zhang B, Dai W, Li S, Xu H (2024) Functions and mechanisms of adenosine and its receptors in sleep regulation. Sleep Med 115:210-217. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.02.012 PMID: 38373361

Objective: To summarize the current research on the functions and possible mechanisms of adenosine and its receptors in regulating sleep and homeostatic control of sleep.

Summary: Authors concluded that the adenosine A1 receptor regulates sleep homeostasis by micro dialysis perfusion of antisense oligonucleotides against the RNA of the A1 Receptor in the magnocellular cholinergic region of the basal forebrain of a freely behaving rat. Adenosine has certain physiological significance in circadian rhythm, energy homeostasis, and sleep.

Usage: Loss of cholinergic cells was associated with a significant increase in sleep deprivation-induced adenosine level in the BF and a perfectly homeostatic sleep response.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Kalinchuk AV et al. The role of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in adenosine-mediated homeostatic control of sleep: lessons from 192 IgG-saporin lesions. Neuroscience 157:238-253, 2008.

Décarie-Spain L, Hayes AMR, Lauer LT, Kanoski SE (2024) The gut-brain axis and cognitive control: A role for the vagus nerve. Semin Cell Dev Biol 156:201-209. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.02.004 PMID: 36803834

Objective: To review evidence from rodent and human studies on how gastrointestinal vagus nerve signaling influences higher-order neurocognitive processes such as anxiety, motivation, learning, and memory.

Summary: The review highlights the integral role of gut-originating vagal pathways in regulating neurocognitive and affective functions, emphasizing their impact on adaptive behavioral responses and potential implications for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Usage: CCK-SAP (IT-31) was referenced in relation to prior studies involving gut vagal sensory ablation

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)

See Also:

• Suarez AN et al. Gut vagal sensory signaling regulates hippocampus function through multi-order pathways. Nat Commun 9(1):2181, 2018.

Moreno-Rodríguez M, Martínez-Gardeazabal J, Bengoetxea de Tena I, Llorente-Ovejero A, Lombardero L, González de San Román E, Giménez-Llort L, Manuel I, Rodríguez-Puertas R (2024) Cortical lipids containing choline mediate cannabinoid-induced cognitive improvement. bioRxiv 2024.03.07.583670. doi: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583670

Objective: Investigate the neuroprotective effect of treatment with the CB1 cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2, against cholinergic degeneration.

Summary: The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays a role in modulating learning and memory processes controlled by cholinergic neurotransmission. The authors propose that activation of this system is neuroprotective against cholinergic degeneration, such as what occurs in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In a 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. IT-01) induced model of AD, a restoration of memory and learning was observed when rats were administered the CB1 cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2.

Usage: Rats received injections of 192-IgG-saporin (130 ng/µl) into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Qian C, Xin Y, Qi C, Wang H, Dong BC, Zack DJ, Blackshaw S, Hattar S, Zhou FQ, Qian J (2024) Intercellular communication atlas reveals Oprm1 as a neuroprotective factor for retinal ganglion cells. Nat Commun 15(1):2206. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46428-z PMID: 38467611

Objective: To explore how intercellular communication contributes to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival following optic nerve crush based on single-cell RNA-seq analysis.

Summary: The overall scores of the responsive interactions among the retinal cell types correlated with the distress interactions sent from RGCs.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry (1:500; AB-N38).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)

Hua C, Qiu L (2024) Polymersomes for therapeutic protein and peptide delivery: Towards better loading properties. Int J Nanomedicine 19:2317-2340. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S444910 PMID: 38476284

Objective: To highlight the potential of polymersomes as the next-generation therapeutic proteins and peptides carrier and to introduce novel approaches and recent progress to achieve satisfactory encapsulation capability of polymersomes for proteins and peptides.

Summary: With the help of intermolecular interactions, such as electrostatic, lipid–protein, and hydrophobic interactions, the drug loading could be significantly improved. Loading improvement could be attained through innovation of preparation methods, ranging from modified traditional film hydration techniques to the novel phase-guided assembly method.

Usage: Effective inhibition of tumor growth was observed in saporin-loaded polymersomes. Mice treated with this formulation experienced a significant extension in median survival time (50 d) compared to PBS (28 d).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Qiu M, Zhang Z, Wei Y, et al. Small-Sized and Robust Chimaeric Lipopepsomes: a simple and functional platform with high protein loading fortargeted intracellular delivery of protein toxin in vivo.Chem Mater.2018;30(19):6831–6838. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02868

Luna-Munguia H, Gasca-Martinez D, Garay-Cortes A, Coutiño D, Regalado M, de Los Rios E, Villaseñor P, Hidalgo-Flores F, Flores-Guapo K, Benito BY, Concha L (2024) Selective medial septum lesions in healthy rats induce longitudinal changes in microstructure of limbic regions, behavioral alterations, and increased susceptibility to status epilepticus. Mol Neurobiol 61(10):1-21. doi: 10.1007/s12035-024-04069-9 PMID: 38443731

Objective: To evaluate tissue changes after lesioning the medial septum (MS) of normal rats and assess how the depletion of specific neuronal populations alters the animals’ behavior and susceptibility to establishing a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.

Summary: Behaviorally, the GAT1-saporin injection impacted spatial memory formation, while 192-IgG-saporin triggered anxiety-like behaviors. Regarding the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, an increased mortality rate was observed. Selective septo-hippocampal modulation impacts the integrity of limbic regions crucial for certain behavioral skills and could represent a precursor for epilepsy development.

Usage: Injection of 192-IgG-SAP (375 ng/μl dissolved in sterile 0.1X PBS) and GAT1-SAP (325 ng/μl dissolved in sterile 0.1X PBS) into the MS to selectively target choline neuron or GABA populations of the medial septum, respectively.

Related Products: GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32), 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Kitawi R, Ledger S, Kelleher AD, Ahlenstiel CL (2024) Advances in HIV gene therapy. Int J Mol Sci 25(5):2771. doi: doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052771

Objective: This review highlights the various stages of ex vivo gene therapy, current research developments that have increased the efficiency and safety of this process, and a comprehensive summary of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) gene therapy studies, the majority of which have employed the ex vivo approach.

Summary: The long-term or permanent expression of anti-HIV genes and the modification of CD4+ and CD34+ cells to render them resistant to infection or to allow the disruption of the HIV life cycle are important strategies in the quest to achieve a HIV cure.

Usage: Authors referenced CD117 antibody conjugated to saporin via streptavidin (IT-27, IT-83), which enabled >99% depletion of endogenous HSCs in NSG mice and non-human primates.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27), Anti-CD117-SAP (Cat. #IT-83)

See Also:

• Czechowicz A et al. Selective hematopoietic stem cell ablation using CD117-antibody-drug-conjugates enables safe and effective transplantation with immunity preservation. Nat Commun 10:617, 2019.

Berselli E, Coccolini C, Tosi G, Gokce EH, Oliveira MBPP, Fathi F, Krambeck K, Suoto EB (2024) Therapeutic peptides and proteins: Stabilization challenges and biomedical applications by means of nanodelivery systems. Int J Pept Res Ther 30:15. doi: 10.1007/s10989-024-10592-z

Objective: To discuss the stability problems of proteins and peptides that have driven the scientific community to find in nanotechnology a valid alternative for oral administration of biomolecules.

Summary: Nanoparticles have been proposed to improve the gastrointestinal stability of such macromolecules and, thus, their oral bioavailability. It has also been shown that combining different approaches, such as liposomes and hydrophobic ion pairing and hybrid systems made of polymers and lipids, may lead to synergistic advantages in modifying the release profile and the uptake of peptides/proteins through the gut.

Usage: See Fu et al. (2022). This publication showed an efficient result of a nano-encapsulated protein for cancer therapy. They encapsulate da tetra-guanidinium (TG)-modified saporin into tumor microenvironment (TME) pH-responsive polymeric NP.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Fu E, Li Z (2024) Extracellular vesicles: A new frontier in the theranostics of cardiovascular diseases. iRadiology 2(3):240-259. doi: 10.1002/ird3.77

Hernández-Barranco A, Santos V, Mazariegos MS, Caleiras E, Nogués L, Mourcin F, Léonard S, Oblet C, Genebrier S, Rossille D, Benguría A, Sanz A, Vázquez E, Dopazo A, Efeyan A, Ortega-Molina A, Cogne M, Tarte K, Peinado H (2024) NGFR regulates stromal cell activation in germinal centers. Cell Rep 43(2):113705. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113705 PMID: 38307025

Objective: To study the effect of NGFR loss on lymph node organization and function, demonstrating that NGFR depletion leads to spontaneous germinal center (GC) formation and an expansion of the GC B cell compartment.

Summary: Results show that NGFR is involved in maintaining GC structure and function, participating in GC activation, antibody production, and immune tolerance.

Usage: Anti-NGFR Alexa488-labeled used in Flow Cytometry (1:200) (Cat# AB-N01AP-FLA).

Related Products: NGFR (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified Alexa488-labeled (Cat. #AB-N01AP-FLA)

Chan A (2024) Engineering small protein based inhibitors and biodegraders for cytosolic delivery and targeting of the undruggable proteome. Univ Pennsylvania Thesis.

Objective: Studying the delivery of saporin across the cell membrane encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles.

Summary: Protein payloads, like saporin and others, are given negatively charged regions which create binding sites for cationic lipids to encapsulate the protein. The lipid nanoparticles with saporin or other proteins inside have the potential to interact with many more targets within the cell because they now cross the cell barrier more efficiently.

Usage: Encapsulated Saporin [PR-01] in lipid nanoparticles using anionic polypeptide linkers and using it in vivo (Sun, 2022) and in vitro (Rui, 2019).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Rui, Y. et al. Carboxylated branched poly(β-amino ester) nanoparticles enable robustcytosolic protein delivery and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Sci Adv 5, (2019).
• Sun, Y. et al. Phase-separating peptides for direct cytosolic delivery and redox-activatedrelease of macromolecular therapeutics. Nat Chem 14, 274–283 (2022).