References

Balukova A, Bokea K, Barber PR, Ameer-Beg SM, MacRobert AJ, Yaghini E (2024) Cellular imaging and time-domain FLIM studies of meso-tetraphenylporphine disulfonate as a photosensitising agent in 2D and 3D models. Int J Mol Sci 25(8):4222. doi: 10.3390/ijms25084222 PMID: 38673807

Objective: To investigate the uptake and subcellular localization of TPPS2a and evaluate the photooxidative mechanism using reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation probes combined with appropriate ROS scavengers.

Summary: Overall, it can be concluded that the photophysical properties of TPPS2a in cells are not markedly perturbed and that the fluorescence lifetime behavior is consistent with that observed in model systems where both porphyrin monomers and aggregates are present.

Usage: Authors previously studied the PDT and PCI efficacy of TPPS2a in HEY cells in 2D and 3D spheroid models using saporin as the chemotherapeutic agent.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Hadi LM, Yaghini E, Stamati K, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ. (2018) Therapeutic enhancement of a cytotoxic agent using photochemical internalisation in 3D compressed collagen constructs of ovarian cancer. Acta Biomater 81:80-92. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.041 PMID: 30267880
• Mohammad Hadi L, Stamati K, Yaghini E, MacRobert AJ, Loizidou M (2023) Treatment of 3D in vitro tumoroids of ovarian cancer using photochemical internalisation as a drug delivery method. Biomedicines 11(2):572. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020572 PMID: 36831108

Kumbhare D, Rajagopal M, Toms J, Freelin A, Weistroffer G, McComb N, Karnam S, Azghadi A, Murnane KS, Baron MS, Holloway KL (2024) Deep brain stimulation of nucleus basalis of meynert improves learning in rat model of dementia. bioRxiv 2024.04.05.588271. doi: 10.1101/2024.04.05.588271 PMID: 38645266

Objective: To assess the effects of varying stimulation patterns and duration on learning in a dementia rat model.

Summary: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) has been considered a potential treatment for dementia, but more study is needed to determine the ideal parameters for NBM stimulation. 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. IT-01) was used to lesion cholinergic neurons of rats creating a rat model of dementia upon which NBM deep brain stimulation could be tested. The desired destruction of neurons was 70-80% cholinergic population lesioned, which through a panel of concentrations was determined to be a 0.50 μg dose. The rat models of dementia were then tested for ideal type and duration of deep brain stimulation to improve operant learning test performance.

Usage: 192-IgG-SAP was bilaterally injected in the NBM in the following amounts: 0.00 (control), 0.15, 0.30, 0.50, and 0.75 μg in 0.5 μl PBS.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Riccardi F, Tangredi C, Dal Bo M, Toffoli G (2024) Targeted therapy for multiple myeloma: an overview on CD138-based strategies. Front Oncol 14:1370854. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1370854 PMID: 38655136

Objective: To provide an overview of the most important aspects of multiple myeloma (MM) disease and to investigate the molecular functions of CD138 in physiologic and malignant cell states.

Summary: CD138 has been detected as one of the most important antigens characterizing the surface of MM cells. Although most CD138-targeting strategies have shown promising results in in vitro and/or ex vivo cells and in mouse models, there are still some caveats and limitations that need to be carefully considered, especially in terms of mechanism of action and safety.

Usage: In MM, immunotoxins have been constructed from B-B2 and B-B4 mAbs by coupling them to the plant ribosome inactivating protein saporin (PR-01), resulting in a significant reduction in the number of plasma cells (PCs).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Vooijs WC, Post J, Wijdenes J, Schuurman HJ, Bolognesi A, Polito L, et al.Efficacy and toxicity of plasma-cell-reactive monoclonal antibodies B-B2 and B-B4 andtheir immunotoxins.Cancer Immunol Immunother. (1996) 42:319–28.

MacLean MR, Walker OL, Arun RP, Fernando W, Marcato P (2024) Informed by cancer stem cells of solid tumors: Advances in treatments targeting tumor-promoting factors and pathways. Int J Mol Sci 25(7):4102. doi: 10.3390/ijms25074102 PMID: 38612911

Objective: To provide a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic targets associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs) of solid tumors across various cancer types, including key molecular markers aldehyde dehydrogenases, CD44, epithelial cellular adhesion molecule, and CD133 and signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Sonic Hedgehog.

Summary: Notably, many of the molecular targets and pathways associated with CSCs are also expressed in normal physiological processes and other stem cell populations. This presents a significant hurdle, as on-target effects of therapeutic interventions could inadvertently impact normal tissue function, leading to potential toxicity and adverse effects.

Usage: Bostad et al. used photochemical internalization to deliver Anti-CD133-SAP (IT-82) to WiDr colon cancer tumor-bearing mice, resulting in a significant decrease in tumor growth compared to control.

Related Products: Anti-CD133-SAP (Cat. #IT-82)

See Also:

• Bostad M et al. Light-controlled endosomal escape of the novel CD133-targeting immunotoxin AC133-saporin by photochemical internalization – A minimally invasive cancer stem cell-targeting strategy. J Control Release 206:37-48, 2015.

Choi PP, Wang Q, Brenner LA, Li AJ, Ritter RC, Appleyard SM (2024) Lesion of NPY receptor-expressing neurons in perifornical lateral hypothalamus attenuates glucoprivic feeding. Endocrinology 165(5):bqae021. doi: 10.1210/endocr/bqae021 PMID: 38368624

Objective: To explore the role of NPY receptor-expressing neurons in regulating feeding behavior in rats.

Summary: In response to glucose deficits, rats exhibit counter-regulatory mechanisms to stimulate feeding. To clarify the role of NPY-sensitive neurons, these neurons were selectively ablated using NPY-SAP. The results showed that while Saporin-lesioned rats exhibited reduced 2DG-induced feeding, there was no impact on 2DG-induced locomotor activity, sympathoadrenal hyperglycemia, or corticosterone release.

Usage: NPY-SAP [IT-28] or Blank-SAP [IT-21] (50 ng per 100nL/site) was used to specifically lesion NPY receptor-expressing neurons in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus of male rats.

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Nord C, Jones I, Garcia-Maestre M, Hägglund AC, Carlsson L (2024) Reduced mTORC1-signaling in progenitor cells leads to retinal lamination deficits. Dev Dyn doi: 10.1002/dvdy.707 PMID: 38546215

Objective: To demonstrate that mTORC1 mediates critical roles during neuronal lamination using the mouse retina as a model system.

Summary: This study establishes a critical role for mTORC1-signaling during retinal lamination and demonstrates that this pathway regulates diverse developmental mechanisms involved in driving the stratified arrangement of neurons during CNS development.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry (AB-N38) (1:1000).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)

Huang M, Fang W, Farrel A, Li L, Chronopoulos A, Nasholm N, Cheng B, Zheng T, Yoda H, Barata MJ, Porras T, Miller ML, Zhen Q, Ghiglieri L, McHenry L, Wang L, Asgharzadeh S, Park J, Gustafson WC, Matthay KK, Maris JM, Weiss WA (2024) ALK upregulates POSTN and WNT signaling to drive neuroblastoma. Cell Rep 43(3):113927. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113927 PMID: 38451815

Objective: To determine how anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) contributes to tumor formation.

Summary: ALK partially drives neuroblastoma through a feedforward loop between POSTN and WNT signaling.

Usage: AB-N07 Anti-NGFR Immunofluorescence (1:250).

Related Products: NGFR (ME20.4, p75) Mouse Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-N07)

Nattkemper LA, Kim BS, Yap QV, Hoon MA, Mishra SK, Yosipovitch G (2024) Increased systemic levels of centrally acting b-type natriuretic peptide are associated with chronic itch of different types. J Invest Dermatol S0022-202X(24)00197-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.02.026 PMID: 38522572

Objective: Examines plasma BNP levels and N-terminal pro-BNP levels in patients with differing types of chronic itch to see whether BNP and N-terminal pro-BNP levels can correlate with itch severity.

Summary: Plasma BNP and N-terminal pro-BNP levels of all patients with itch correlated with itch numerical rating scale, particularly for patients with chronic pruritus of unknown origin. Based on this clinical observation, this study further showed that increasing pathophysiological levels of BNP in mice by intravenous or osmotic pump induced significant scratching. In addition, BNP-SAP lesions to mice determined that BNP acts centrally by activating the natriuretic peptide receptor A in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Usage: BNP-SAP was injected intrathecally (5 µg in 10 µL). One week later an itch agonist agent, ivBNP, was injected and itching was measured over an hour.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Décarie-Spain L, Hayes AMR, Lauer LT, Kanoski SE (2024) The gut-brain axis and cognitive control: A role for the vagus nerve. Semin Cell Dev Biol 156:201-209. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.02.004 PMID: 36803834

Objective: To review evidence from rodent and human studies on how gastrointestinal vagus nerve signaling influences higher-order neurocognitive processes such as anxiety, motivation, learning, and memory.

Summary: The review highlights the integral role of gut-originating vagal pathways in regulating neurocognitive and affective functions, emphasizing their impact on adaptive behavioral responses and potential implications for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Usage: CCK-SAP (IT-31) was referenced in relation to prior studies involving gut vagal sensory ablation

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)

See Also:

• Suarez AN et al. Gut vagal sensory signaling regulates hippocampus function through multi-order pathways. Nat Commun 9(1):2181, 2018.

Moreno-Rodríguez M, Martínez-Gardeazabal J, Bengoetxea de Tena I, Llorente-Ovejero A, Lombardero L, González de San Román E, Giménez-Llort L, Manuel I, Rodríguez-Puertas R (2024) Cortical lipids containing choline mediate cannabinoid-induced cognitive improvement. bioRxiv 2024.03.07.583670. doi: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583670

Objective: Investigate the neuroprotective effect of treatment with the CB1 cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2, against cholinergic degeneration.

Summary: The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays a role in modulating learning and memory processes controlled by cholinergic neurotransmission. The authors propose that activation of this system is neuroprotective against cholinergic degeneration, such as what occurs in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In a 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. IT-01) induced model of AD, a restoration of memory and learning was observed when rats were administered the CB1 cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2.

Usage: Rats received injections of 192-IgG-saporin (130 ng/µl) into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)