References

Loftén A, Adermark L, Ericson M, Söderpalm B (2023) Regulation of ethanol-mediated dopamine elevation by glycine receptors located on cholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens. Addict Biol 28(12):e13349. doi: 10.1111/adb.13349 PMID: 38017639

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the role of glycine receptors (GlyRs) on cholinergic interneurons (CIN) in sustaining extracellular dopamine levels and in ethanol-induced dopamine release.

Summary: Alcohol use disorder is one of the major psychiatric disorders worldwide. Ethanol reward is one of the many factors contributing to the disorder. The rewarding and reinforcing properties of ethanol have been linked to activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system, an effect that involves glycine receptors (GlyRs) in the nucleus accumbens. The study suggests that CIN are not important for GlyR-mediated regulation of basal dopamine output, but that CIN ablation blunts the ethanol-induced dopamine release by reducing the release of GlyR agonists.

Usage: CIN were ablated by Anti-ChAT-SAP administered locally in the nucleus accumbens of male Wistar rats. Rabbit-IgG-SAP was used as a control. Microinfusion was performed unilaterally into the nAc at a concentration of 0.5 ug/ul at 0.05 ul/min for 10 min for a total of 0.5 ul.

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Takanami K, Kuroiwa M, Ishikawa R, Imai Y, Oishi A, Hashino M, Shimoda Y, Sakamoto H, Koide T (2023) Function of gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in ocular itch transmission in the mouse trigeminal sensory system. Front Mol Neurosci 16:1280024. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1280024 PMID: 38098939

Objective: To investigate the role of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and GRP receptor (GRPR) in itch transmission in the spinal somatosensory system, and to determine whether the GRP system is involved in itch neurotransmission of the eyes in the trigeminal sensory system

Summary: Administering itch mediators like histamine (His) and chloroquine (CQ) caused high levels of eye scratching in a concentration-dependent manner, with significant gender differences observed for His. Histological studies showed that His and CQ significantly activated GRPR-expressing neurons in a specific brain region of transgenic mice. Blocking these neurons with a GRPR antagonist or eliminating them reduced CQ-induced scratching. Injecting a GRPR agonist without an itch stimulus led to excessive facial scratching, indicating the central role of GRPR neurons in mediating itch responses.

Usage: 500 ng Blank-SAP (IT-21) or 500 ng Bombesin-SAP (IT-40) were intracisternally administered (5-uL volume) 2 weeks prior to behavioral experiments.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Singh RR, Mondal I, Janjua T, Popat A, Kulshreshtha R (2023) Engineered smart materials for RNA based molecular therapy to treat Glioblastoma. Bioact Mater 33:396-426. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.11.007 PMID: 38059120

Objective: A review of non-coding RNA therapy and its targeted delivery of nucleic acids to treat Glioblastoma, emphasizing smart nano-materials.

Summary: Nano-carriers of ncRNA can offer unique advantages in fighting, such as low cytotoxicity, ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, stealth to bypass immune detection, prolonged release of the cargo, improved circulatory time, and also targeted therapy.

Usage: Saporin as a payload to the nano-carriers angiopep-2 peptide and RAP12.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Chamberlain AR, Huynh L, Huang W, Taylor DJ, Harris ME (2023) The specificity landscape of bacterial ribonuclease P. J Biol Chem 300(1):105498. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105498 PMID: 38013087

Objective: Review of the specificity of ribonucleoprotein RNase P in binding different types of RNA.

Summary: Ribonucelase P is involved in the RNA metabolism pathways. By studying the rate at which it combines with different types of RNA under different conditions, like concentration and competition with different enzymes, a model describing its specificity to different RNA motifs can be developed.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Hauf, S., Rotrattanadumrong, R., and Yokobayashi, Y. (2022) Analysis of the sequence preference of saporin by deep sequencing. ACS Chem. Biol.17, 2619–2630

Zlatkovic J, Dalmau Gasull A, Hägg D, Font-Gironès F, Bellman J, Meister B, Palsdottir V, Ruud J, Ohlsson C, Dickson SL, Anesten F, Jansson JO (2023) Reduction of body weight by increased loading is associated with activation of norepinephrine neurones in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract. J Neuroendocrinol 35(12):e13352. doi: 10.1111/jne.13352 PMID: 37885347

Objective: To show that the feed-back regulation of body weight, initiated by a novel leptin-independent body weight homeostat, involves a CNS mechanism

Summary: In conclusion, increased load appears to reduce body weight and food intake via activation of norepinephrine neurones in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract.

Usage: 5 ng of Anti-DBH-SAP (IT-03) was bilaterally injected into the NTS in Male C57/B6J mice and Sprague–Dawley rats.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Gamage R, Rossetti I, Niedermayer G, Münch G, Buskila Y, Gyengesi E. (2023) Chronic neuroinflammation during aging leads to cholinergic neurodegeneration in the mouse medial septum. J Neuroinflammation 20(1):235. doi: 10.1186/s12974-023-02897-5 PMID: 37833764

Summary: This publication presents the findings of studies on age-related cholinergic decline. The authors mention a diffusion MRI study that documented a 25% reduction in the BFCN (Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons) population and a significant loss of terminal cholinergic projections in the hippocampus after inducing selective BFCN degeneration in mice using mu p75-SAP.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

See Also:

• Kerbler GM et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging detection of basal forebrain cholinergic degeneration in a mouse model. Neuroimage 66C:133-141, 2013.

Münzberg H, Berthoud HR, Neuhuber WL (2023) Sensory spinal interoceptive pathways and energy balance regulation. Mol Metab 78:101817. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101817 PMID: 37806487

Objective: To review and discuss the roles of spinal sensory pathways, specifically dorsal root ganglia (DRG) afferents, in energy balance regulation, highlighting their contributions to metabolic homeostasis in health and disease.

Summary: This comprehensive review explores the emerging significance of spinal sensory neurons, beyond traditional gut-brain and adipose tissue-to-brain signaling pathways, in regulating energy intake and metabolism. It delves into the anatomy and functions of spinal sensory pathways, emphasizing the potential of DRG afferents in providing metabolic information to the brain. The review suggests that identifying specific DRG neurons and understanding their molecular mechanisms are crucial steps toward developing targeted therapies for metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer.

Usage: The publication references that CCK-SAP (IT-31) injected into the nodose ganglia of mice and rats selectively ablates vagal afferent neurons expressing CCKA receptors.

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)

See Also:

• Diepenbroek C et al. Validation and characterization of a novel method for selective vagal deafferentation of the gut. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 313:G342-G352, 2017.

Campideli-Santana AC, da Costa Silva KS, Araújo-Lopes R, Antunes LM, Szawka RE (2023) Submaximal loss of KNDy neurons accelerates and amplifies pulsatile LH secretion in female rats. J Endocrine Society 7(S1):bvad114.1214. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvad114.1214

Objective: To investigate the impact of the submaximal loss of KNDy neurons on the pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in female rats.

Summary: The study found that a partial loss of these neurons led to irregular estrous cycles and increased frequency and amplitude of LH pulses. This suggests a new role for KNDy neurons in moderating LH pulse frequency and amplitude in ovary-intact animals, with implications for early antral follicle recruitment.

Usage: Adult female rats underwent a neurochemical ablation of KNDy neurons via intra-ARC stereotaxic injections of NKB-SAP (IT-63), while control animals received Blank-SAP (IT-21).

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Aquino NSS, Campideli-Santana AC, Antunes LM, Araújo-Lopes R, da Costa Silva KS, Costa Henriques P, de Oliveira Gusmão D, Bernuci MP, Szawka RE, dos Reis AM (2023) Partial loss of KNDy neurons in prenatally androgen treated female rats alters the LH secretion and ovarian morphology in a model of polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrine Society 7(S1):bvad114.1215. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvad114.1215

Objective: To examine the impact of partial loss of KNDy neurons in prenatally androgen-treated female rats on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and ovarian morphology, as a model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Summary: The study found that the ablation of KNDy neurons resulted in increased LH pulse amplitude and mean LH levels without affecting pulse frequency, and partially restored the number of primordial follicles, suggesting KNDy neurons’ role in modulating LH release and ovarian reserve in PCOS.

Usage: Intra-ARC stereotaxic injections of the neurokinin-3 receptor agonist conjugated with Saporin (NKB-SAP, IT-63) to induce the lesion of KNDy neurons. Blank-SAP (IT-21) was used as a control.

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Nie Y, Liang J, Sun J, Li J, Zhai X, Zhao P (2023) Orexin A alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting macrophage activation through JNK-mediated autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 124(Pt B):111018. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111018 PMID: 37801969

Objective: To investigate the crosstalk between the central nervous system and immune response through the inflammatory response caused by lung injury.

Summary: By modeling acute respiratory distress in mice, the role of orexin-A and orexin-B was investigated through their inflammatory response. Orexin neurons were eliminated through lesions with Orexin-B-SAP (IT-20). Inflammatory cell infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines generation were aggravated after orexin neurons were ablated.

Usage: Mice were injected in the bilateral hypothalamus with 1 μL of Orexin-B-SAP (0.36 μg/μL) using a permanent stainless steel internal cannula connected at a speed of 16.5 ng/23 nl/second.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)