References

Luna-Munguia H, Gasca-Martinez D, Garay-Cortes A, Coutiño D, Regalado M, de Los Rios E, Villaseñor P, Hidalgo-Flores F, Flores-Guapo K, Benito BY, Concha L (2024) Selective medial septum lesions in healthy rats induce longitudinal changes in microstructure of limbic regions, behavioral alterations, and increased susceptibility to status epilepticus. Mol Neurobiol 61(10):1-21. doi: 10.1007/s12035-024-04069-9 PMID: 38443731

Objective: To evaluate tissue changes after lesioning the medial septum (MS) of normal rats and assess how the depletion of specific neuronal populations alters the animals’ behavior and susceptibility to establishing a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.

Summary: Behaviorally, the GAT1-saporin injection impacted spatial memory formation, while 192-IgG-saporin triggered anxiety-like behaviors. Regarding the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, an increased mortality rate was observed. Selective septo-hippocampal modulation impacts the integrity of limbic regions crucial for certain behavioral skills and could represent a precursor for epilepsy development.

Usage: Injection of 192-IgG-SAP (375 ng/μl dissolved in sterile 0.1X PBS) and GAT1-SAP (325 ng/μl dissolved in sterile 0.1X PBS) into the MS to selectively target choline neuron or GABA populations of the medial septum, respectively.

Related Products: GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32), 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Berselli E, Coccolini C, Tosi G, Gokce EH, Oliveira MBPP, Fathi F, Krambeck K, Suoto EB (2024) Therapeutic peptides and proteins: Stabilization challenges and biomedical applications by means of nanodelivery systems. Int J Pept Res Ther 30:15. doi: 10.1007/s10989-024-10592-z

Objective: To discuss the stability problems of proteins and peptides that have driven the scientific community to find in nanotechnology a valid alternative for oral administration of biomolecules.

Summary: Nanoparticles have been proposed to improve the gastrointestinal stability of such macromolecules and, thus, their oral bioavailability. It has also been shown that combining different approaches, such as liposomes and hydrophobic ion pairing and hybrid systems made of polymers and lipids, may lead to synergistic advantages in modifying the release profile and the uptake of peptides/proteins through the gut.

Usage: See Fu et al. (2022). This publication showed an efficient result of a nano-encapsulated protein for cancer therapy. They encapsulate da tetra-guanidinium (TG)-modified saporin into tumor microenvironment (TME) pH-responsive polymeric NP.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Fu E, Li Z (2024) Extracellular vesicles: A new frontier in the theranostics of cardiovascular diseases. iRadiology 2(3):240-259. doi: 10.1002/ird3.77

Hernández-Barranco A, Santos V, Mazariegos MS, Caleiras E, Nogués L, Mourcin F, Léonard S, Oblet C, Genebrier S, Rossille D, Benguría A, Sanz A, Vázquez E, Dopazo A, Efeyan A, Ortega-Molina A, Cogne M, Tarte K, Peinado H (2024) NGFR regulates stromal cell activation in germinal centers. Cell Rep 43(2):113705. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113705 PMID: 38307025

Objective: To study the effect of NGFR loss on lymph node organization and function, demonstrating that NGFR depletion leads to spontaneous germinal center (GC) formation and an expansion of the GC B cell compartment.

Summary: Results show that NGFR is involved in maintaining GC structure and function, participating in GC activation, antibody production, and immune tolerance.

Usage: Anti-NGFR Alexa488-labeled used in Flow Cytometry (1:200) (Cat# AB-N01AP-FLA).

Related Products: NGFR (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified Alexa488-labeled (Cat. #AB-N01AP-FLA)

Chan A (2024) Engineering small protein based inhibitors and biodegraders for cytosolic delivery and targeting of the undruggable proteome. Univ Pennsylvania Thesis.

Objective: Studying the delivery of saporin across the cell membrane encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles.

Summary: Protein payloads, like saporin and others, are given negatively charged regions which create binding sites for cationic lipids to encapsulate the protein. The lipid nanoparticles with saporin or other proteins inside have the potential to interact with many more targets within the cell because they now cross the cell barrier more efficiently.

Usage: Encapsulated Saporin [PR-01] in lipid nanoparticles using anionic polypeptide linkers and using it in vivo (Sun, 2022) and in vitro (Rui, 2019).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Rui, Y. et al. Carboxylated branched poly(β-amino ester) nanoparticles enable robustcytosolic protein delivery and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Sci Adv 5, (2019).
• Sun, Y. et al. Phase-separating peptides for direct cytosolic delivery and redox-activatedrelease of macromolecular therapeutics. Nat Chem 14, 274–283 (2022).

Yelamali AR, Chendamarai E, Ritchey JK, Rettig MP, DiPersio JF, Persaud SP (2024) Streptavidin-drug conjugates streamline optimization of antibody-based conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. bioRxiv 2024.02.12.579199. doi: 10.1101/2024.02.12.579199 PMID: 38405731

Objective: Use biotinylated CD45.2 antibodies conjugated to Streptavidin to target hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for HSC transplantation.

Summary: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation offers a promising alternative to standard cancer treatments. Using Click Chemistry, different toxic payloads were attached to streptavidin and observed.

Usage: 75 micrograms of CD45.2 delivered to HSCs deriving from B6 mice.

Related Products: Anti-CD45.2-SAP (Cat. #IT-91), Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Aerts EG, Griesgraber MJ, Shuping SL, Bowdridge EC, Hardy SL, Goodman RL, Nestor CC, Hileman SM (2024) The effect of NK3-Saporin injection within the arcuate nucleus on puberty, the LH surge, and the response to Senktide in female sheep. Biol Reprod 110(2):275-287. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioad147 PMID: 37930247

Objective: To investigate the role of NKB-SAP (NK3-SAP) in the arcuate nucleus on the timing of puberty, the LH surge, and the response to the NK3R agonist senktide in female sheep.

Summary: This study explores how the ablation of NK3R-containing neurons in the arcuate nucleus affects puberty onset and reproductive hormone dynamics in female sheep. The findings demonstrate that NK3-SAP injections significantly delay puberty, reduce the amplitude of the LH surge, and alter the response to senktide, underscoring the critical role of NK3R-containing neurons in reproductive function.

Usage: Prepubertal ewes received 1 μL (0.7 μg) of NKB-SAP (NK3-SAP) [IT-63] or Blank-SAP (IT-21) injections aimed at the arcuate (ARC) nucleus to ablate neurons expressing NK3R.

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Abdolvahab MH, Karimi P, Mohajeri N, Abedini M, Zare H (2024) Targeted drug delivery using nanobodies to deliver effective molecules to breast cancer cells: The most attractive application of nanobodies. Cancer Cell Int 24(1):67. doi: 10.1186/s12935-024-03259-8 PMID: 38341580

Objective: Using nanobodies to deliver saporin to breast cancer cells.

Summary: Through the binding of saporin to a nanobody, a fragment of an antibody, breast cancer cells that over-express Her2 can be targeted and eliminated. Binding of saporin in nanoparticles to 11A4 nanobody (anti-HER2 receptor) showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against SK-BR-3 cells when tested. Photochemical internalization of saporin loaded nanoparticles also demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicty in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells.

Related Products: Trastuzumab (Anti-HER2)-SAP (Cat. #BETA-038)

See Also:

• Martínez-Jothar L, Beztsinna N, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE, Oliveira S (2019) Selective Cytotoxicity to HER2 Positive Breast Cancer Cells by Saporin-Loaded Nanobody-Targeted Polymeric Nanoparticles in Combination with Photochemical Internalization. Mol Pharm 16(4):1633-1647. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01318 PMID: 30817164

Wang J, Zhang S, Li Y, Xu Q, Kritzer JA (2024) Investigating the cytosolic delivery of proteins by lipid nanoparticles using the chloroalkane penetration assay. Biochemistry doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00614 PMID: 38334719

Objective: To investigate bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein encapsulation and release within polylysine/polyglutamate (PLys/PGlu) coacervates.

Summary: The findings emphasize the importance of ingredient addition sequence in coacervate formation and encapsulation rates, attributed to preference contact between oppositely charged proteins and poly(amino acid)s.

Usage: The positively-charged saporin and lysozyme protein exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency when first combined with PGlu, followed by the addition of PLys in simulations of the coacervate encapsulation of saporin.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Rodríguez-Ramírez KT, Norte-Muñoz M, Lucas-Ruiz F, Gallego-Ortega A, Calzaferri F, García-Bernal D, Martínez CM, Galindo-Romero C, de Los Ríos C, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M (2024) Retinal response to systemic inflammation differs between sexes and neurons. Front Immunol 15:1340013. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340013 PMID: 38384465

Objective: To examine how systemic inflammation, induced by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), affects the retina of male and female mice. The study also evaluates whether blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome and the extrinsic apoptosis pathway provides retinal protection.

Summary: Systemic LPS exposure leads to neuronal and sex-specific adverse effects in the mouse retina. These effects are mitigated by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and the extrinsic apoptosis pathway, highlighting their protective roles.

Usage: Immunodetection (1:750; AB-N39)

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N39)

Maloney R, Quattrochi L, Yoon J, Souza R, Berson D (2024) Efficacy and specificity of melanopsin reporters for retinal ganglion cells. J Comp Neurol 532(2):e25591. doi: 10.1002/cne.25591 PMID: 38375612

Objective: To evaluate the precision and comprehensiveness of various labeling methods for intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs).

Summary: The authors provide a comparative analysis of the strengths and limitations of each approach and highlight the need for tailored methods based on specific research applications.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry (1:10,000) (AB-N38).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)