- Home
- Knowledge Base
- References
Perspective: Estrogen and the risk of cognitive decline: a missing choline(rgic) link?
Bortz J, Klatt KC, Wallace TC (2021) Perspective: Estrogen and the risk of cognitive decline: a missing choline(rgic) link?. Adv Nutr 13(2):376-387. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab145
Objective: Explore the relationship between cognitive aging and sex hormones, the cholinergic system, and choline as an essential nutrient.
Summary: This perspective identifies numerous areas for future preclinical and clinical research, highlighting the need for randomized controlled trials in postmenopausal women to assess the impact of choline supplementation on cognitive decline, with appropriate consideration of the estrogen availability, critical windows, dose, and PEMT genotype.
Usage: The authors reference a publication about the effects of estrogen on cognitive improvements where 192-IgG-SAP was used as a specific cholinergic system lesioning tool.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
See Also:
- Gibbs RB Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are necessary for estrogen to enhance acquisition of a delayed matching-to-position T-maze task. Horm Behav 42(3):245-257, 2002.
- Gibbs RB et al. Donepezil plus estradiol treatment enhances learning and delay-dependent memory performance by young ovariectomized rats with partial loss of septal cholinergic neurons. Horm Behav 59(4):503-511, 2011.
Intrahippocampal adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor reverses 192IgG-saporin-induced impairments of hippocampal plasticity and behavior
Dobryakova YV, Spivak YS, Zaichenko MI, Koryagina AA, Markevich VA, Stepanichev MY, Bolshakov AP (2021) Intrahippocampal adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor reverses 192IgG-saporin-induced impairments of hippocampal plasticity and behavior. Front Neurosci 15:745050. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.745050
Objective: Determine any beneficial effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus of rats with cholinergic loss.
Summary: 192-IgG-SAP was used to induce a rat animal model of cholinergic deficit. The authors concluded that NGF overexpression in the hippocampus after cholinergic loss induces beneficiall effects which are not related to maintenance of cholinergic function.
Usage: 1.5 mg of 192-IgG-SAP was injected into the medial septum area.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Effects of age on sexually dimorphic food protection behavior associated with hippocampal cholinergic deafferentation.
Osterlund Oltmanns JR, Schaeffer EA, Blackwell AA, Pietrucha SA, Yang H, Tasi S, Kartje GL, Wallace D (2021) Effects of age on sexually dimorphic food protection behavior associated with hippocampal cholinergic deafferentation. Neuroscience 2021 Abstracts P210.07. Society for Neuroscience, Virtual.
Summary: Loss of hippocampal cholinergic projection originating from basal forebrain structures has been associated with the progression of Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type. The role of these fibers in information processing deficits has been debated; however, spontaneous behaviors such as food protection have been observed to dissociate the contributions of hippocampal and cortical cholinergic function. Sexual dimorphism and age are critical factors in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, yet these factors have not been evaluated in food protection behavior. The current study infused the immunotoxin 192-IgG-Saporin bilaterally into the medial septum to produce selective cholinergic deafferentation of the hippocampal formation. Female and male rats received infusion of the immunotoxin at either three or 18 months of age. Testing in the in the food protection paradigm began six weeks after the surgery. During the five days of testing, rats received two food protection sessions. Each of these sessions involved the rat (dodger) being placed in a transparent cylinder with a same sex conspecific (robber). The dodger was given a one-gram food item to consume, while the robber made multiple attempts to obtain the food item. The number, success rate, and type of food protection behaviors were recorded across all food protection sessions. Rats also received a third session each day in which the latency to consume the food item was recorded in the absence of the conspecific. Preliminary results indicate that sex and age interact with cholinergic hippocampal deafferentation to influence the organization of food protection behaviors. These observations establish a foundation for future work investigating novel therapeutic interventions that target neuroplasticity within spared cholinergic systems.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Toxic substance-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in rodents as model of Alzheimer’s dementia
Nurmasitoh T, Sari DCR, Susilowati R (2021) Toxic substance-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in rodents as model of Alzheimer’s dementia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci [Internet] 9(F):523.
Summary: In this review, the authors discussed hippocampal neurodegeneration rodent animal models of Alzheimer’s Dementia and their induction via a toxic substance. Between 2016-2021, 80 studies were reported with 17 different modeling techniques mentioned.
Usage: 192-IgG-Saporin was referenced using intracerebroventricular injection (ICV) as the route of administration where the parameters studied included, neurotrophic factors, cholinergic activity and neuro-degeneration markers.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
See Also:
- Gelfo F et al. Chronic lithium treatment in a rat model of basal forebrain cholinergic depletion: Effects on memory impairment and neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 56:1505-1518, 2017.
- Volobueva MN et al. Intracerebroventricular administration of 192IgG-saporin alters the state of microglia in the neocortex. Neurochem J 14(1):37-42, 2020.
- Shin J et al. Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening improves adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function in a cholinergic degeneration dementia rat model. Alzheimers Res Ther 11(1):110, 2019.
Revisiting the sigma-1 receptor as a biological target to treat affective and cognitive disorders
Sałaciak K, Pytka K (2022) Revisiting the sigma-1 receptor as a biological target to treat affective and cognitive disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 132:1114-1136. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.037
Objective: This review focuses on the sigma-1 receptor as a target for treatment of depression and cognitive disorders.
Summary: Sigma-1 receptor ligands, and predominantly agonists, might be the next generation of psychotherapeutic agents.
Usage: 192-IgG-SAP is listed as a neurotoxin that induced a memory impairment in rats based on the Morris water maze.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
See Also:
Evaluation of the activity of choline acetyltransferase from different synaptosomal fractions at the distinct stages of spatial learning in the morris water maze
Storozheva ZI, Zakharova EI, Proshin AT (2021) Evaluation of the activity of choline acetyltransferase from different synaptosomal fractions at the distinct stages of spatial learning in the morris water maze. Front Behav Neurosci 15:755373. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.755373
Objective: To examine the role of hippocampal and cortical ACh in the acquisition, consolidation, storage, retention and adaptive flexibility of new, recent and remote memory traces in spatial learning models.
Summary: The application of functional ablation or stimulation techniques is necessary. The approach used can be regarded as one of the possible ways of delineating temporal stages of spatial learning and could be applied in the studies of other signalling pathways.
Usage: Selective loss of septohippocampal and/or corticopetal cholinergic projections has been shown to cause attention deficit.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
See Also:
- McGaughy J et al. Behavioral vigilance following infusions of 192 IgG-saporin into the basal forebrain: selectivity of the behavioral impairment and relation to cortical AChE-positive fiber density. Behav Neurosci 110:247-265, 1996.
- Lehmann O et al. A double dissociation between serial reaction time and radial maze performance in rats subjected to 192 IgG-saporin lesions of the nucleus basalis and/or the septal region. Eur J Neurosci 18(3):651-666, 2003.
Heart failure impairs mood and memory in male rats and down-regulates the expression of numerous genes important for synaptic plasticity in related brain regions
Parent MB, Ferreira-Neto HC, Kruemmel AR, Althammer F, Patel AA, Keo S, Whitley KE, Cox DN, Stern JE (2021) Heart failure impairs mood and memory in male rats and down-regulates the expression of numerous genes important for synaptic plasticity in related brain regions. Behav Brain Res 414:113452. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113452
Objective: To assess the effects of heart failure (HF) on genetic markers of synaptic plasticity in brain areas critical for memory and mood, and to assess the effects of severely reduced ejection fraction (≤40 %) on cognition regulation.
Summary: Collectively, the present findings provide support for the growing consensus that HF is not only a neurohumoral cardiovascular problem but is also a disorder of mood and memory.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
See Also:
- Dobryakova YV et al. Intracerebroventricular administration of 192IgG-saporin alters expression of microglia-associated genes in the dorsal but not ventral hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 10:429, 2018.
- Dobryakova YV et al. Cholinergic deficit induced by central administration of 192IgG-Saporin is associated with activation of microglia and cell loss in the dorsal hippocampus of rats. Front Neurosci 13:146, 2019.
Overexpression of nerve growth factor in the hippocampus induces behavioral changes in rats with 192IgG-saporin-induced cholinergic deficit
Dobryakova YV, Zaichenko MI, Spivak YS, Stepanichev MY, Markevich VA, Bolshakov AP (2021) Overexpression of nerve growth factor in the hippocampus induces behavioral changes in rats with 192IgG-saporin-induced cholinergic deficit. Neurochem J 15:273-281. doi: 10.1134/S1819712421030028
Summary: Degeneration of septal cholinergic neurons caused by the immunotoxin 192-IgG-SAP produces a model of the pathological state that occurs in Alzheimer’s Disease. This study investigated whether overexpression of NGF in the hippocampus, where septal neurons send their projections, may reduce the consequences of this damage. Data suggest that NGF overexpression in the hippocampus of rats may partly compensate some 192 IgG-SAP-induced impairments related to cholinergic deficit.
Usage: 192-IgG-SAP or an equivalent volume of PBS (4 µg/site) was administered bilaterally into the ventricles.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Neural circuitry underlying REM sleep: A review of the literature and current concepts
Wang YQ, Liu WY, Li L, Qu WM, Huang ZL (2021) Neural circuitry underlying REM sleep: A review of the literature and current concepts. Prog Neurobiol 204:102106. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102106
Summary: To investigate the role of the LC in sleep the authors injected 0.3 µl of 192-Saporin (Cat. IT-01) or anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) at 1 µg/µl. They also used 0.3 µl of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) at either 90 ng/µl or 60 ng/µl in a separate group of animals. The results indicate that orexin innervation to the pons plays a role in arousal from sleep.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
See Also:
Acetylcholine from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis facilitates the retrieval of well-established memory
Soma S, Suematsu N, Sato AY, Tsunoda K, Bramian A, Reddy A, Takabatake K, Karube F, Fujiyama F, Shimegi S (2021) Acetylcholine from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis facilitates the retrieval of well-established memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 183:107484. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107484
Summary: The authors tested the effect of a cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, on the retrieval of memory after a long no-task period in extensively trained rats. The results suggest that acetylcholine released from the NBM contributes to the retrieval of well-established memory developed by a daily routine.
Usage: Cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) were lesioned with 192-IgG-SAP. NBM-lesioned rats showed severely impaired task initiation and performance. These abilities recovered as the trials progressed, though they never reached the level observed in rats with intact NBM. Saline with or without 192-IgG-SAP (0.3 μg in 1 μL, per site) was bilaterally injected into 2 sites of the NBM.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)