References

Worlicek M, Knebel K, Linde HJ, Moleda L, Scholmerich J, Straub RH, Wiest R (2010) Splanchnic sympathectomy prevents translocation and spreading of E coli but not S aureus in liver cirrhosis. Gut 59(8):1127-1134. doi: 10.1136/gut.2009.185413

Summary: Advanced cirrhosis activates the sympathetic nervous system. This work investigates the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis – which is mainly caused by translocation of enteric Gram-negative bacteria. Rats received 15 µg intraperitoneal injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). Lesioned animals displayed increased susceptibility to bacterial translocation and infection with E. coli but not S. aureus. This suggests the SNS plays an important role in the immune response to Gram-negative bacteria.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Gil-Bea FJ, Solas M, Mateos L, Winblad B, Ramirez MJ, Cedazo-Minguez A (2011) Cholinergic hypofunction impairs memory acquisition possibly through hippocampal Arc and BDNF downregulation. Hippocampus 21(9):999-1009. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20812

Summary: The authors investigated the role of activity-regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in cholinergic-induced memory formation. Rats received 67-ng bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the third ventricle after behavioral training. Lesioned animals had decreased protein and mRNA for both Arc and BDNF. Memory acquisition and recovery of acquisition were both affected. The data indicate that cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus affects the muscarinic facets of spatial memory acquisition.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Easton A, Fitchett AE, Eacott MJ, Baxter MG (2011) Medial septal cholinergic neurons are necessary for context-place memory but not episodic-like memory. Hippocampus 21(9):1021-1027. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20814

Summary: Although it is clear that neurodegenerative diseases cause memory impairment, it is uncertain to what extent cholinergic deficits cause this loss of function. The authors administered a total of 150 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca in rats. The lesioned animals were then tested in a rodent model for human episodic memory. The rats performed well on these tests, but struggled with tests that tested the association of places with context. The results suggest that hippocampal spatial representations might not be essential for episodic memory function.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Paban V, Farioli F, Romier B, Chambon C, Alescio-Lautier B (2010) Gene expression profile in rat hippocampus with and without memory deficit. Neurobiol Learn Mem 94(1):42-56. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.03.005

Summary: This work examined a wide range of gene expression in the rat hippocampus after bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) – 37.5 ng per side in the medial septum, and 75 ng per side in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Memory loss following 192-IgG-SAP treatment was marked by gene expression that did not show the same cluster organization as learning processes. Genes showing differential expression were down-regulated, and one cluster associated with tissue remodeling could be identified.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Pang KCH, Jiao X, Sinha S, Beck KD, Servatius RJ (2011) Damage of GABAergic neurons in the medial septum impairs spatial working memory and extinction of active avoidance: Effects on proactive interference. Hippocampus 21(8):835-846. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20799

Summary: Recent work implicates the medial septum (MS) and diagonal band (DB) in the control of proactive interference — forgetting older information when learning new information. Rats received GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32) injections into the MS and the DB (162.5 ng and 130 ng respectively, the DB injections were bilateral). The results parallel other studies using different toxins, reinforcing the indications that GABAergic MSDB neurons are an integral part of proactive interference control.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)

Lyu MA, Rai D, Ahn KS, Sung B, Cheung LH, Marks JW, Aggarwal BB, Aguiar RC, Gandhi V, Rosenblum MG (2010) The rGel/BLyS fusion toxin inhibits diffuse large B-cell lymphoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Neoplasia 12(5):366-375. doi: 10.1593/neo.91960

Hummel M, Cummons T, Lu P, Mark L, Harrison JE, Kennedy JD, Whiteside GT (2010) Pain is a salient “stressor” that is mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptors. Neuropharmacology 59(3):160-166. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.05.001

Summary: Given that corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a major role in the response to stress, the authors investigated the role CRF-1 receptors may play in the perception of pain. Both rats and mice received 10µl intrathecal injections of 10 µM CRF-SAP (Cat. #IT-13) following a spinal nerve ligation. Administration of CRF-SAP attenuated tactile hypersensitivity, indicating that CRF-1 receptors are involved in pain perception.

Related Products: CRF-SAP (Cat. #IT-13)

Emanuel AJ, Ritter S (2010) Hindbrain catecholamine neurons modulate the growth hormone but not the feeding response to ghrelin. Endocrinology 151(7):3237-3246. doi: 10.1210/en.2010-0219

Summary: In this work the authors investigated the role of hindbrain catecholamine neurons in the response to a gastrointestinal peptide, ghrelin. Rats received 42 ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Lesioned animals had a prolonged growth hormone (GH) response to ghrelin administration as compared to controls, but the feeding response was unchanged. The results indicate that ghrelin or GH may be involved with a negative feedback response controlling GH levels.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Spano AJ, Frankfurter A (2010) Characterization of anti-beta-tubulin antibodies. Methods Cell Biol 95:33-46. doi: 10.1016/S0091-679X(10)95003-6 PMID: 20466128

Related Products: Antibody to Beta Tubulin Type III (2G10-E9-B1-F7) (Cat. #AB-V38), Antibody to Beta Tubulin Type III (5G8) (Cat. #AB-V39), Antibody to Beta Tubulin Type III (A10 (1A11)) (Cat. #AB-V41)

Zikri NN, Schumer E, Wang JJ, Gaughan A, Hadley GA, Moffatt-Bruce SD (2010) Induction of CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells with CD103 depletion. J Surg Res 163(1):162-168. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.04.021

Summary: CD8+ T cells expressing CD103 have been shown to play a key role in the rejection of renal allografts. Use of M290-SAP (a custom saporin conjugation) allows allograft tolerance even in a completely mismatched islet cell transplant model. Use of 1 mg M290-SAP/kg body weight in mice allowed the authors to characterize the kinetics of M290-SAP and its induction of CD4 CD25 regulatory T cells.

Related Products: Custom Conjugates