References

Coradazzi M, Gulino R, Garozzo S, Leanza G (2010) Selective lesion of the developing central noradrenergic system: Short- and long-term effects and reinnervation by noradrenergic-rich tissue grafts. J Neurochem 114(3):761-771. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06800.x

Summary: The authors removed noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus complex of neonatal rats with 0.25-1.0 µg bilateral injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). No damage was seen in dopaminergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, or cholinergic neurons after this treatment. Rats receiving fetal locus coeruleus tissue implants showed significant post-lesion recovery suggesting that this model can be used to investigate compensatory reinnervation and functional recovery in the central nervous system.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Gonzalez-Menendez I, Contreras F, Cernuda-Cernuda R, Provencio I, Garcia-Fernandez JM (2010) Postnatal development and functional adaptations of the melanopsin photoreceptive system in the albino mouse retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(9):4840-4847. doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-5253 PMID: 20435589

Summary: Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) adjust the circadian pacemaker of mammals by detecting light. The authors tracked the development of ipRGCs in postnatal mice under varying light conditions. Immunohistochemistry for these experiments was done using an anti-mouse melanopsin polyclonal antibody (Cat. #AB-N38). Alteration of the standard light/dark cycle clearly affected the development of ipRGCs.

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)

Hovinga KE, Shimizu F, Wang R, Panagiotakos G, Van Der Heijden M, Moayedpardazi H, Correia AS, Soulet D, Major T, Menon J, Tabar V (2010) Inhibition of notch signaling in glioblastoma targets cancer stem cells via an endothelial cell intermediate. Stem Cells 28:1019-1029. doi: 10.1002/stem.429 PMID: 20506127

Summary: The antibody CD105 (1:1,000) was incubated with Mab-ZAP, to allow binding and formation of a CD105 antibody-saporin complex, which was added to explants or to a human cerebral microvessel endothelial cell line as control.  CD105 antibody was also incubated with a Goat-IgG-SAP for control  that does not bind CD105.  The conjugates were injected into the explant under a dissecting microscope after gently incising the explant surface for better access.

Related Products: Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04), Goat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-19)

Vincent BG, Young EF, Buntzman AS, Stevens R, Kepler TB, Tisch RM, Frelinger JA, Hess PR (2010) Toxin-coupled MHC class I tetramers can specifically ablate autoreactive CD8+ T cells and delay diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Immunol 184(8):4196-4204. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903931

Summary: MHC class I tetramers have been used to identify antigen-specific cells. In this work the authors used a biotinylated tetramer in conjunction with streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27) to eliminate a specific subset of reactive T cells associated with islets in vivo. NOD mice received three 4.36 µg intravenous injections of the tetramer/saporin complex over 12 days. The onset of type I diabetes in the treated mice was significantly delayed.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Klinkenberg I, Blokland A (2010) The validity of scopolamine as a pharmacological model for cognitive impairment: A review of animal behavioral studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34(8):1307-1350. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.04.001 PMID: 20398692

Objective: To provide an overview is given of the effects of scopolamine on animal behavior.

Summary: The most important and influential articles over the past 40 years are included in the present review. The cholinergic hypothesis of memory function as originally put forward by Bartus et al. (1982) has undergone a revision after several lesion studies were performed which used the highly specific cholinergic toxin 192 IgG-SAP (Wiley et al., 1995).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Chudasama Y et al. Cholinergic modulation of visual attention and working memory: Dissociable effects of basal forebrain 192-IgG-saporin lesions and intraprefrontal infusions of scopolamine. Learn Mem 11(1):78-86, 2004.
• Wiley RG et al. Destruction of the cholinergic basal forebrain using immunotoxin to rat NGF receptor: modeling the cholinergic degeneration of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci 128:157-166, 1995.
• Wiley RG et al. Immunolesioning: Selective destruction of neurons using immunotoxin to rat NGF receptor. Brain Res 562:149-153, 1991.
• Wrenn CC et al. The behavioral functions of the cholinergic basal forebrain: lessons from 192 IgG-saporin. Int J Dev Neurosci 16(7-8):595-602, 1998.
• Wenk GL The nucleus basalis magnocellularis cholinergic system: one hundred years of progress. Neurobiol Learn Mem 67(2):85-95, 1997.
• Baxter MG et al. Intact spatial learning in both young and aged rats following selective removal of hippocampal cholinergic input. Behav Neurosci 110:460-467, 1996.
• Baxter MG et al. Intact spatial learning in both young and aged rats following selective removal of hippocampal cholinergic input. Behav Neurosci 110:460-467, 1996.
• Baxter MG et al. Disruption of decrements in conditioned stimulus processing by selective removal of hippocampal cholinergic input. J Neurosci 17:5230-5236, 1997.
• Chiba AA et al. Selective removal of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain alters cued target detection. Neuroreport 10(14):3119-3123, 1999.
• McGaughy J et al. Effects of chlordiazepoxide and scopolamine, but not aging, on the detection and identification of conditional visual stimuli. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50(2):B90-B96, 1995.
• McGaughy J et al. Crossmodal divided attention in rats: effects of chlordiazepoxide and scopolamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 115(1-2):213-220, 1994.
• Torres EM et al. Behavioral, histochemical and biochemical consequences of selective immunolesions in discrete regions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system. Neuroscience 63:95-122, 1994.
• Voytko ML Cognitive functions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in monkeys: memory or attention?. Behav Brain Res 75(1-2):13-25, 1996.

Marques-Lopes J, Pinho D, Albino-Teixeira A, Tavares I (2010) The hyperalgesic effects induced by the injection of angiotensin II into the caudal ventrolateral medulla are mediated by the pontine A(5) noradrenergic cell group. Brain Res 1325:41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.043

Summary: Injection of angiotensin II into the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) has been shown to induce angiotensin type 1 receptor-mediated hyperalgesia. Here the authors lesioned the pontine A5 cell group with anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) to evaluate the role of these neurons in this model. Rats received a 1.1 µg injection of anti-DBH-SAP into the CVLM. Behavioral responses indicate that loss of noradrenergic neurons in the CVLM partially prevented angiotensin II-induced hyperalgesia.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Vianna DM, Carrive P (2010) Cardiovascular and behavioural responses to conditioned fear and restraint are not affected by retrograde lesions of A5 and C1 bulbospinal neurons. Neuroscience 166:1210-1218. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.039

Summary: To investigate the role of A5 neurons in some forms of psychological stress the authors injected 22 or 44 ng of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the spinal cord of rats. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The data shows that A5 presympathetic neurons are not essential for the expression of the tachycardic and pressor responses to conditioned fear and restraint.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Dailey MJ, Bartness TJ (2010) Arcuate nucleus destruction does not block food deprivation-induced increases in food foraging and hoarding. Brain Res 1323:94-108. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.078

Summary: While some aspects of food intake are understood, mechanisms controlling hoarding of food have not been identified. This work investigates the role of NPY in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) in hoarding. Siberian hamsters received 48 ng injections of NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28) into the Arc; blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. In lesioned animals food deprivation-induced hoarding was increased 100%, but baseline foraging and food hoarding was unchanged.

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Ariizumi K, Akiyoshi H, Chung JS, Tomiharu M, Cruz Jr PD (2010) Featured Article: Depletion of syndecan-4+ T lymphocytes by saporin-conjugated DC-HIL alleviates T cell-mediated imflammatory disease. Targeting Trends 11(2)

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Akiyoshi H et al. Depleting Syndecan-4+ T Lymphocytes Using Toxin-Bearing Dendritic Cell-Associated Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan-Dependent Integrin Ligand: A New Opportunity for Treating Activated T Cell-Driven Disease. J Immunol 184:3554-3561, 2010.

Gulino R, Perciavalle V, Gulisano M (2010) Expression of cell fate determinants and plastic changes after neurotoxic lesion of adult mice spinal cord by cholera toxin-B saporin. Eur J Neurosci 31(8):1423-1434. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07170.x

Summary: Sonic hedgehog, Notch-1, and Numb are proteins known to be involved in the function of stem cells. Understanding of how they might work in adults may provide methods to improve recovery from spinal cord injury. In this work the authors injected 3 µg of CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14) into the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles of mice. Analysis of protein levels following motoneuron depletion gives some insight into the molecular framework of nerve injury.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.