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Jasmin L, Boudah A, Ohara PT (2003) Long-term effects of decreased noradrenergic central nervous system innervation on pain behavior and opioid antinociception. J Comp Neurol 460(1):38-55. doi: 10.1002/cne.10633

Summary: Noradrenaline (NA) is an essential element of the endogenous pain inhibitory system. The authors injected 5 µg of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into either the cerebral ventricles or lumbosacral cistern of rats to investigate whether a permanent reduction of noradrenergic innervation of the spinal cord leads to a chronic decreased nociceptive threshold. Although treated animals were less responsive to the antinociceptive effects of morphine, the results suggest that NA makes only a modest contribution to the nociceptive threshold.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Ritter S, Watts AG, Dinh TT, Sanchez-Watts G, Pedrow C (2003) Immunotoxin lesion of hypothalamically projecting norepinephrine and epinephrine neurons differentially affects circadian and stressor-stimulated corticosterone secretion. Endocrinology 144(4):1357-1367. doi: 10.1210/en.2002-221076

Summary: Hindbrain norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) neurons are important in the distribution of internal sensory signals. Injecting 42 ng of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus, the authors were able to specifically destroy NE and E neurons. This study revealed the contribution of NE/E afferents to hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activation during stress and confirmed that NE and E neurons are required for specific stress responses.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Feldman JL, Mitchell GS, Nattie EE (2003) Breathing: Rhythmicity, Plasticity, Chemosensitivity. Annu Rev Neurosci 26:239-266. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131103

Summary: Recent research has indicated that specific areas of the brain exert control over several aspects of breathing, such as rhythm generation, reaction to hypoxia, and regulation of carbon dioxide levels and pH. This review covers many of the latest advances, some of which utilize SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) and anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23). The use of these targeted toxins allows altered breathing behavior through elimination of very specific cell populations.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23)

Lamprea MR, Cardenas FP, Silveira R, Walsh TJ, Morato S (2003) Effects of septal cholinergic lesion on rat exploratory behavior in an open-field. Braz J Med Biol Res 36(2):233-238. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879×2003000200011

Summary: Exploratory behavior triggered by novelty involves the medial septum. The authors lesioned the medial septum in rats with 237.5-ng injections of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) and examined the behavior of these animals in a model for novelty. The results suggest not only do septohippocampal cholinergic mechanisms contribute to the motivation to explore new environments, they also are related to the acquisition and storage of spatial information.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Birthelmer A, Ehret A, Amtage F, Förster S, Lehmann O, Jeltsch H, Cassel JC, Jackisch R (2003) Neurotransmitter release and its presynaptic modulation in the rat hippocampus after selective damage to cholinergic or/and serotonergic afferents. Brain Res Bull 59(5):371-381. doi: 10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00930-9

Summary: Previous studies have investigated some of the modulatory mechanisms present in the denervated hippocampus. These studies have used nonselective denervation models, therefore it is difficult to assign results to the lesion of any specific system. This study examined the interaction of lesions caused by 192 Saporin (Cat. #IT-01, 0.4 µg injected into the medial septum/diagonal band of broca) and 5,7-DHT. The authors were able to establish controlled and selective damage to more than one transmitter system, allowing examination of the interaction between multiple-lesioned systems.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Gerashchenko K, Blanco-Centurion C, Greco MA, Shiromani PJ (2003) Effects of lateral hypothalamic lesion with the neurotoxin hypocretin-2-saporin on sleep in Long-Evans rats. Neuroscience 116:223-235. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00575-4

Summary: Recent data has linked narcolepsy to the loss of neurons containing the neuropeptide hypocretin, also known as orexin. The authors wished to investigate whether the variance in severity of narcolepsy could be explained by the extent of loss of these neurons. After injection of 90 or 490 ng of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the lateral hypothalamus, the measurement of several parameters demonstrated the severity of narcolepsy may be linked to the degree of loss of neurons expressing the orexin receptor.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Fraley GS, Ritter S (2003) Immunolesion of norepinephrine and epinephrine afferents to medial hypothalamus alters basal and 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the arcuate nucleus. Endocrinology 144(1):75-83. doi: 10.1210/en.2002-220659

Summary: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) are important peptides in the control of food intake. Prior studies have shown that mRNAs for both these peptides are increased in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) by glucoprivation. Using bilateral 42 ng intracranial injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) in rats, the authors investigated the role of hindbrain catecholamine afferents in this increased ARC NPY and AGRP gene expression. The results indicate that these afferents contribute to basal NPY and AGRP gene expression as well as mediate the responsiveness of NPY and AGRP neurons to glucose deprivation.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Stornetta RL, Rosin DL, Wang H, Sevigny CP, Weston MC, Guyenet PG (2003) A group of glutaminergic interneurons expressing high levels of both neurokinin-1 receptors and somatostatin identifies the region of the pre-Bötzinger complex. J Comp Neurol 455(4):499-512. doi: 10.1002/cne.10504

Summary: Study of the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) has been hindered by the lack of a specific marker. Using SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11, three 0.313-ng unilateral injections in the rostral part of the ventral respiratory group) coupled with in situ hybridization and the labeling of selected markers, the authors examined whether somatostatin (SST) might be a marker for this region. The data suggest that a subgroup of cells containing high levels of SST and neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity may identify the pre-BötC.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Berntson GG, Shafi R, Sarter M (2002) Specific contributions of the basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic system to electroencephalographic activity and sleep/waking behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 16(12):2453-2461. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02310.x

Summary: There is a large amount of data suggesting the basal forebrain cholinergic system plays an important part in arousal and REM sleep. In this study the authors used 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01, 0.05 µg injected into the basal forebrain of each hemisphere) to lesion the corticopetal projection and examined cortical EEG activity across sleep/wake states. Lesioned animals displayed significantly reduced high frequency EEG activity across all stages of sleeping and wakefulness, indicating that the basal forebrain cholinergic system may exert a general activational effect on the cortical mantle.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Silveira DC, Cha BH, Holmes GL (2002) Effects of lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in newborn rats on susceptibility to seizures. Dev Brain Res 139:277-283. doi: 10.1016/s0165-3806(02)00586-2

Summary: It has previously been shown that adult rats treated with the cholinergic lesioning agent 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) display increased susceptibility to generalized seizures. Here, the authors studied the effects of 200 ng intracerebroventricular injections of 192-Saporin in neonatal rats. Although treated rats did not demonstrate differences in seizure duration or EEG ictal duration, a significantly shorter latency to seizure onset was observed. No significant differences were observed in spatial learning between treated and control rats.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)