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2118 entries

Cholinergic basal forebrain structures are involved in the mediation of the arousal effect of noradrenaline.

Lelkes Z, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Stenberg D (2013) Cholinergic basal forebrain structures are involved in the mediation of the arousal effect of noradrenaline. J Sleep Res 22(6):721-726. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12061

Summary: Wakefulness is enhanced by the injection of noradrenaline into the basal forebrain, but it has not been clear whether cholinergic or non-cholinergic neurons are involved. 230 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) was administered to the horizontal diagonal band/substantia innominata/ magnocellular preoptic nucleus of rats. Upon treatment with methoxamine, lesioned animals lost the non-REM sleep-suppressing effect, but the REM sleep-suppressing effect remained intact.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Cutting Edge: memory regulatory t cells require IL-7 and not IL-2 for their maintenance in peripheral tissues.

Gratz IK, Truong HA, Yang SH, Maurano MM, Lee K, Abbas AK, Rosenblum MD (2013) Cutting Edge: memory regulatory t cells require IL-7 and not IL-2 for their maintenance in peripheral tissues. J Immunol 190(9):4483-4487. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300212

Summary: Recently a new class of regulatory T cells (mTregs) were found that persist in non-lymphoid tissues and are involved in suppressing autoimmune responses. In order to examine the roles that IL-2 and IL-7 play in the development and regulation of mTregs, the authors used genetic deletion, adoptive T-cell transfer, and in vivo neutralization techniques. 5 μg of intravenous OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02) per mouse was used to deplete CD90.1-positive cells during the adoptive transfer experiment. It was found that IL-7 is essential for the steady-state maintenance of mTregs in skin.

Related Products: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)

GABAergic neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) are important for acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response.

Roland J, Janke K, Servatius R, Pang K (2014) GABAergic neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) are important for acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response. Brain Struct Funct 219:1231-1237. doi: 10.1007/s00429-013-0560-4

Summary: The medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) are both important for learning and memory. There are strong connections between these two areas, and damage to one or the other can result in differing dysfunctions. The authors investigated how damage to GABAergic neurons in the MSDB affect acquisition of delay classical conditioning of the eyeblink response (CCER). Rats received 162 ng of GAT-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32) into the medial septum and 130 ng of GAT-1-SAP into each diagonal band. Treated animals displayed impaired initial acquisition of the eyeblink response, indicating that MSDB GABAergic neurons modulate delay CCER – a task that is not dependent on the hippocampus.

Related Products: GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)

Striatal patch compartment lesions alter methamphetamine-induced behavior and immediate early gene expression in the striatum, substantia nigra and frontal cortex

Murray RC, Gilbert YE, Logan AS, Hebbard JC, Horner KA (2014) Striatal patch compartment lesions alter methamphetamine-induced behavior and immediate early gene expression in the striatum, substantia nigra and frontal cortex. Brain Struct Funct 219:1213-1229. doi: 10.1007/s00429-013-0559-x

Summary: In this work, the authors investigated the function of the patch compartment in abnormally repetitive motor actions (stereotypy) in response to a psychostimulant such as methampheta-mine (meth). Rats received bilateral injections of Dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12; 17 ng) into the rostral striatum. When treated with meth, lesioned animals displayed reduced stereotypy, increased motor activity, and enhanced c-Fos expression.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)

Medial ganglionic eminence-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells correct learning and memory deficits.

Liu Y, Weick JP, Liu H, Krencik R, Zhang X, Ma L, Zhou GM, Ayala M, Zhang SC (2013) Medial ganglionic eminence-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells correct learning and memory deficits. Nat Biotechnol 31(5):440-447. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2565

Summary: Progenitor cells were transplanted into mice that had received 1.5 μg of mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) into the medial septum.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Evaluating the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-containing striatal interneurons in methamphetamine-induced dopamine neurotoxicity.

Fricks-Gleason AN, Keefe KA (2013) Evaluating the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-containing striatal interneurons in methamphetamine-induced dopamine neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 24(2):288-297. doi: 10.1007/s12640-013-9391-6

Summary: Using the fact that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-containing neurons in the striatum express the substance P receptor, the authors injected four locations in the striatum with 3 ng each of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11). Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. Although there was a significant loss of nNOS-containing neurons, the lesions did not attenuate NO production.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Cortical cholinergic input is required for normal auditory perception and experience-dependent plasticity in adult ferrets.

Leach ND, Nodal FR, Cordery PM, King AJ, Bajo VM (2013) Cortical cholinergic input is required for normal auditory perception and experience-dependent plasticity in adult ferrets. J Neurosci 33(15):6659-6671. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5039-12.2013

Summary: In order to study how cholinergic input from the nucleus basalis affects auditory perception and learning, the authors injected a total of 35.2 ng of ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15) into the nucleus basalis in each hemisphere of ferrets. Based on several learning tasks, the data suggest that these cholinergic inputs aid in the perception of sound source location and aid in the adaptation of the auditory system to changes in spatial cues.

Related Products: ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15)

Sudden death following selective neuronal lesions in the rat nucleus tractus solitarii.

Talman WT, Lin LH (2013) Sudden death following selective neuronal lesions in the rat nucleus tractus solitarii. Auton Neurosci 175(1-2):9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.11.008

Summary: The nucleus tracts solitarii (NTS) is the terminus of cardiovascular reflex nerves. Early work in this area sought to identify transmitters involved in the control of this region. The authors used SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) and anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) to examine the role of NK-1r-expressing neurons and catecholaminergic neurons in baroreflex control in the NTS. Either 3 ng of SSP-SAP or 42 ng of anti-DBH-SAP was injected into the NTS of rats and baroreflex function was compared 7 days later. Although each toxin had a specific effect in terms of the types of cells eliminated, both toxins initiated a disturbance of the central baroreflex control that led to the death of some animals.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Rapid beta-amyloid deposition and cognitive impairment after cholinergic denervation in app/ps1 mice.

Ramos-Rodriguez JJ, Pacheco-Herrero M, Thyssen D, Murillo-Carretero MI, Berrocoso E, Spires-Jones TL, Bacskai BJ, Garcia-Alloza M (2013) Rapid beta-amyloid deposition and cognitive impairment after cholinergic denervation in app/ps1 mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 72(4):272-285. doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e318288a8dd

Summary: The authors investigated whether specific cholinergic neurodegeneration is responsible for the deposition of plaques. APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice received bilateral icv injections of 1-1.2 μg of mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) into the basal forebrain. Although the transgenic mice show plaque deposition, they do not exhibit other signs of Alzheimer’s disease. Lesioned transgenic animals, however, displayed increased β-amyloid plaque deposition, increased Tau phosphorylation, and early memory impairment that worsened with age.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Combinatorial treatment of tart cherry extract and essential fatty acids reduces cognitive impairments and inflammation in the mu-p75 saporin-induced mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.

Matchynski JJ, Lowrance SA, Pappas C, Rossignol J, Puckett N, Sandstrom M, Dunbar GL (2013) Combinatorial treatment of tart cherry extract and essential fatty acids reduces cognitive impairments and inflammation in the mu-p75 saporin-induced mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Med Food 16(4):288-295. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0131 PMID: 23566055

Summary: The authors investigated the efficacy of a combinatorial therapy, Cerise Total-Body Rhythm (TBR) by treating mice with TBR prior to and following icv administration of 0.8 μg of mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16).

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

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