targeted-toxins

Sugiura A, Ohtori S, Yamashita M, Yamauchi K, Inoue G, Suzuki M, Norimoto M, Orita S, Eguchi Y, Kuniyoshi K, Ochiai N, Kishida S, Takaso M, Aoki Y, Ishikawa T, Arai G, Miyagi M, Kamoda H, Nakamura J, Takahashi K (2010) Effect of applying p75NTR saporin to a punctured intervertebral disc on calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Orthop Sci 15(3):407-413. doi: 10.1007/s00776-010-1469-x

Summary: Lumbar intervertebral discs are suspected to be a source of low back pain, in part because of the innervation of these discs by neurons containing substance P and CGRP receptors. Rats received 2.5 µg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the L5/6 vertebral disc after the disc was punctured. While half of the dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the disc were positive for CGRP post-puncture, animals receiving 192-IgG-SAP displayed reduced CGRP expression, indicating a role for the p75 receptor in discogenic pain.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Potes CS, Turek VF, Cole RL, Vu C, Roland BL, Roth JD, Riediger T, Lutz TA (2010) Noradrenergic neurons of the area postrema mediate amylin’s hypophagic action. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299(2):R623-631. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00791.2009

Summary: Amylin decreases food intake in rats and is a satiation signal affecting the area postrema (AP). This work investigated the role of noradrenergic neurons in amylin activity. Rats received a total of 50 ng of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the AP and 25 ng into the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. Rats showing a >50% lesion of noradrenergic neurons were unresponsive to low doses of amylin, suggesting that noradrenergic neurons are part of the amylin pathway.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Di Sebastiano AR, Yong-Yow S, Wagner L, Lehman MN, Coolen LM (2010) Orexin mediates initiation of sexual behavior in sexually naive male rats, but is not critical for sexual performance. Horm Behav 58(3):397-404. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.06.004

Summary: In this work the role of endogenous orexin-A and B in male sexual behavior was investigated. Rats received a total of 400 ng of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the hypothalamus in each hemisphere. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The lesions facilitated initiation of sexual behavior in naïve males, and reduced anxiety-like behaviors. The data suggest that orexin may play a role in arousal and anxiety related to sexual behavior in naïve animals, but is not critical for performance or motivation.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Luo T, Leung LS (2010) Endogenous histamine facilitates long-term potentiation in the hippocampus during walking. J Neurosci 30(23):7845-7852. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1127-10.2010

Summary: The neurotransmitter histamine is involved in several physiological functions, such as sleep-wake activites, circadian rhythms, learning, and memory. This work examines the role of histamine in modulating synaptic plasticity. Rats received 62.5 ng injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), followed by assessment of long term potentiation (LTP) during different behavioral states. The data indicate that histaminergic neurons in the TMN facilitate basal-dendritic LTP during walking.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Gil-Bea FJ, Solas M, Mateos L, Winblad B, Ramirez MJ, Cedazo-Minguez A (2011) Cholinergic hypofunction impairs memory acquisition possibly through hippocampal Arc and BDNF downregulation. Hippocampus 21(9):999-1009. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20812

Summary: The authors investigated the role of activity-regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in cholinergic-induced memory formation. Rats received 67-ng bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the third ventricle after behavioral training. Lesioned animals had decreased protein and mRNA for both Arc and BDNF. Memory acquisition and recovery of acquisition were both affected. The data indicate that cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus affects the muscarinic facets of spatial memory acquisition.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Worlicek M, Knebel K, Linde HJ, Moleda L, Scholmerich J, Straub RH, Wiest R (2010) Splanchnic sympathectomy prevents translocation and spreading of E coli but not S aureus in liver cirrhosis. Gut 59(8):1127-1134. doi: 10.1136/gut.2009.185413

Summary: Advanced cirrhosis activates the sympathetic nervous system. This work investigates the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis – which is mainly caused by translocation of enteric Gram-negative bacteria. Rats received 15 µg intraperitoneal injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). Lesioned animals displayed increased susceptibility to bacterial translocation and infection with E. coli but not S. aureus. This suggests the SNS plays an important role in the immune response to Gram-negative bacteria.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Easton A, Fitchett AE, Eacott MJ, Baxter MG (2011) Medial septal cholinergic neurons are necessary for context-place memory but not episodic-like memory. Hippocampus 21(9):1021-1027. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20814

Summary: Although it is clear that neurodegenerative diseases cause memory impairment, it is uncertain to what extent cholinergic deficits cause this loss of function. The authors administered a total of 150 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca in rats. The lesioned animals were then tested in a rodent model for human episodic memory. The rats performed well on these tests, but struggled with tests that tested the association of places with context. The results suggest that hippocampal spatial representations might not be essential for episodic memory function.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Paban V, Farioli F, Romier B, Chambon C, Alescio-Lautier B (2010) Gene expression profile in rat hippocampus with and without memory deficit. Neurobiol Learn Mem 94(1):42-56. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.03.005

Summary: This work examined a wide range of gene expression in the rat hippocampus after bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) – 37.5 ng per side in the medial septum, and 75 ng per side in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Memory loss following 192-IgG-SAP treatment was marked by gene expression that did not show the same cluster organization as learning processes. Genes showing differential expression were down-regulated, and one cluster associated with tissue remodeling could be identified.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Pang KCH, Jiao X, Sinha S, Beck KD, Servatius RJ (2011) Damage of GABAergic neurons in the medial septum impairs spatial working memory and extinction of active avoidance: Effects on proactive interference. Hippocampus 21(8):835-846. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20799

Summary: Recent work implicates the medial septum (MS) and diagonal band (DB) in the control of proactive interference — forgetting older information when learning new information. Rats received GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32) injections into the MS and the DB (162.5 ng and 130 ng respectively, the DB injections were bilateral). The results parallel other studies using different toxins, reinforcing the indications that GABAergic MSDB neurons are an integral part of proactive interference control.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)

Hummel M, Cummons T, Lu P, Mark L, Harrison JE, Kennedy JD, Whiteside GT (2010) Pain is a salient “stressor” that is mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptors. Neuropharmacology 59(3):160-166. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.05.001

Summary: Given that corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a major role in the response to stress, the authors investigated the role CRF-1 receptors may play in the perception of pain. Both rats and mice received 10µl intrathecal injections of 10 µM CRF-SAP (Cat. #IT-13) following a spinal nerve ligation. Administration of CRF-SAP attenuated tactile hypersensitivity, indicating that CRF-1 receptors are involved in pain perception.

Related Products: CRF-SAP (Cat. #IT-13)