targeted-toxins

Ancheta LR, Lappi DA (2011) Basigin-2 (EMMPRIN), a prognostic marker, is a dynamic portal of entry into cancer cells. Cancer Res 71(8):5218. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL. doi: 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5218

Related Products: Anti-Basigin2-SAP (Cat. #IT-54)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Sorkin LS, Choi JI, Koehrn FJ (2011) Featured Article: Carrageenan evoked P-Akt in deep dorsal horn neurons is prevented by loss of neurokinin1 positive neurons in superficial dorsal horn. Targeting Trends 12(2)

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Sorkin LS et al. Carageenan evoked P-Akt in deep dorsal horn neurons is prevented by loss of neurokinin1 positive neurons in superficial dorsal horn. Neuroscience 2010 Abstracts 81.21/VV19, 2010. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA

Fuller P, Sherman D, Pedersen NP, Saper CB, Lu J (2011) Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 519(5):933-956. doi: 10.1002/cne.22559

Summary: Traditional thought has been that electroencephalogram activity is mainly generated by the thalamo-cortical system. In this work the authors investigated the effects of basal forebrain lesions on various measurements of wakefulness. Rats received 4 50 ng injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the basal forebrain. The effects of these lesions showed that the parabrachial nucleus/precoeruleus region projection relayed by the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex plays a critical role in behavioral and electrocortical arousal.

Usage: Lesions of the basal forebrain were done by injecting a 0.1% solution of either 192-IgG-SAP or Orexin-SAP at four different sites.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Laplante F, Lappi DA, Sullivan RM (2011) Cholinergic depletion in the nucleus accumbens: Effects on amphetamine response and sensorimotor gating. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(2):501-509. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.005

Summary: Disruption of dopamine and acetylcholine balance in the striatum may play a role in conditions such as Parkinson’s and schizophrenia. In this work the authors lesioned cholinergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc) with the novel toxin Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42). Rats received 0.25-µg bilateral injections of the toxin into the N.Acc. Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35) was used as a control. The results of this lesion produced responses that may parallel the loss of cholinergic neurons seen in schizophrenia.

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Hernandez-Melesio MA, Gonzalez-Esquivel D, Ortiz-Plata A, Sanchez-Mendoza A, Sanchez-Garcia A, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Rios C, Perez-Severiano F (2011) Molsidomine modulates the cNOS activity in an experimental model of cholinergic damage induced by 192-IgG saporin. Neurosci Lett 491(2):133-137. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.023

Summary: Nitric oxide (NO) is required for the survival of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. Delivery of nerve growth factor (NGF) is related to the modulation of NO – as excessive NO can lead to excitotoxicity. The authors administered molsidomine to rats that had previously received 220 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum. Molsidomine is a NO donator, and produced a significant recovery of NO activity in lesioned animals, indicating a potential therapeutic pathway.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Heldmann U, Mine Y, Kokaia Z, Ekdahl CT, Lindvall O (2011) Selective depletion of Mac-1-expressing microglia in rat subventricular zone does not alter neurogenic response early after stroke. Exp Neurol 229(2):391-398. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.03.005

Summary: One result of ischemic stroke is migration of newly formed neuroblasts into the injured area from the subventricular zone (SVZ). The authors investigated the role of microglia, which also accumulate in the SVZ after stroke, in this process. Rats received 5-µg or 10-µg intracerebroventricular injections of Mac-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-33) with varying schedules as to injection and sacrifice. The data indicate that the presence of microglia after stroke does not affect the number or migration of neuroblasts from the SVZ.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33)

Ocampo-Garces A, Ibanez F, Perdomo G, Torrealba F (2011) Orexin-B-saporin lesions in the lateral hypothalamus enhance photic masking of rapid eye movement sleep in the albino rat. J Sleep Res 20:3-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00864.x

Summary: Photic masking occurs when photic input to the retina interferes with REM sleep. Rats that received 200 ng of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the lateral hypothalamus experienced dramatically less REM sleep during normal light cycles. Placing them in a skeleton photoperiod (brief pulses of light, one in the morning and one in the evening), however, caused REM sleep during the rest phase to return to normal. This data suggests that photic masking may explain some effects of narcolepsy and cataplexy.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Paban V, Chambon C, Farioli F, Alescio-Lautier B (2011) Gene regulation in the rat prefrontal cortex after learning with or without cholinergic insult. Neurobiol Learn Mem 95(4):441-452. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.02.005

Summary: Microarray technology was used to screen gene expression in a model of attention and memory deficit. Rats received bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (37.5 ng per side and 75 ng per side respectively). Gene expression in memory loss following the lesion was defined by one cluster related to cytoskeleton organization and proliferation, and glial and vascular remodeling. These are processes associated with brain repair after injury.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Rennie K, Frechette M, Pappas BA (2011) The effects of neonatal forebrain cholinergic lesion on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain Res 1373(10):79-90. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.091

Summary: Intraventricular injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) have been shown to reduce the number of cells expressing a marker for immature neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus, as well as possibly impairing the response to environmental enrichment. This study looked to expand on those observations. 300 ng of 192-IgG-SAP was infused into each ventricle of post-natal day 7 rats. The data suggest that the lesion accelerates the death of newborn cells, but does not affect survival rate or phenotypic differentiation.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Li AJ, Wang Q, Ritter S (2011) Participation of hindbrain AMP-activated protein kinase in glucoprivic feeding. Diabetes 60(2):436-442. doi: 10.2337/db10-0352

Summary: Catecholamine neurons innervating the medial hypothalamus are involved in the control of glucoprivic feeding as well as other responses to glucose deficit. Rats received bilateral 82-ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Lesioned animals did not respond to the administration of a competitive glucose inhibitor, nor did they display phosphorylation of pAMPKα, suggesting that AMPK may be part of a glucose- sensing mechanism.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)