References

Kubeil M, Suzuki Y, Casulli MA, Kamal R, Hashimoto T, Bachmann M, Hayashita T, Stephan H (2023) Exploring the potential of nanogels: From drug carriers to radiopharmaceutical agents. Adv Healthc Mater e2301404. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202301404 PMID: 37717209

Summary: This review provides a brief overview of current developments of nanogels in the fields of drug delivery, therapeutic applications, tissue engineering and sensor systems. The authors described one development using saporin. Mimicking the function of molecular chaperones, Kawasaki et al. created magnetic in vivo protein transport nanogels with encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles. The nanogels also contained saporin, which was rapidly released by an exchange reaction with serum protein. The evaluation using an oral cancer model revealed a reduction in tumor volume and suppression of tumor regrowth, with no change in body weight.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Kawasaki R et al. (2021) Magnetically navigated protein transduction in vivo using iron oxide-nanogel chaperone hybrid. Adv Healthc Mater 10(9):e2001988. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202001988 PMID: 33694289

Thongchot S, Aksonnam K, Thuwajit P, Yenchitsomanus PT, Thuwajit C (2023) Nucleolin‑based targeting strategies in cancer treatment: Focus on cancer immunotherapy (Review). Int J Mol Med 52(3):81. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5284 PMID: 37477132

Objective: The authors review the mechanisms through which the multiple functions of NCL can participate in the progression of cancer. In addition, the studies that define the utility of NCL‑dependent anticancer therapies are summarized, with specific focus being paid to cancer immunotherapeutic approaches.

Summary: NCL is a multifunctional protein abundantly distributed in the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. It influences carcinogenesis, and the proliferation, survival and metastasis of cancer cells, leading to cancer progression. The overexpression of nucleolin (NCL) in a number of types of cancer provides an attractive antigen target for the development of novel anticancer immunotherapeutic treatments.

Usage: The mice were treated with 0.5 mg/kg body weight of SAP-N6L via intraperitoneal injection.

See Also:

• Dhez AC et al. Targeted therapy of human glioblastoma via delivery of a toxin through a peptide directed to cell surface nucleolin. J Cell Physiol 233(5):4091-4105, 2018.

Wang C, Pan C, Yong H, Wang F, Bo T, Zhao Y, Ma B, He W, Li M (2023) Emerging non-viral vectors for gene delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 21(1):272. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02044-5 PMID: 37592351

Summary: This review describes the fastest-growing and efficient non-viral gene delivery vectors that include liposomes and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), highly branched poly(β-amino ester) (HPAE), single-chain cyclic polymer (SCKP), poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, and polyethyleneimine (PEI). One group designed and synthesized HPAEs with positive and negative charges to deliver saporin. Another group performed cell experiments that demonstrated that a boronic acid-grafted dendrimer vector had good delivery ability for saporin.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Ploeg E (2023) Novel approaches towards cancer-directed immune checkpoint inhibition. Univ Groningen Thesis. doi: 10.33612/diss.737906343

Objective: To evaluate a novel bispecific antibody, bsAb CD73xEGFR, that inhibits the immunosuppressive enzyme CD73 on cancer cells in an EGFR-directed manner.

Summary: The researchers constructed a bispecific antibody, bsAb CD73xEGFR, that binds to both CD73 and EGFR on cancer cells. In preclinical studies, they found that bsAb CD73xEGFR was more effective than the monospecific anti-CD73 antibody oleclumab at reducing tumor growth and enhancing anti-tumor immune responses, likely due to its ability to direct CD73 inhibition specifically to cancer cells overexpressing EGFR.

Usage: Cancer cells were incubated with bsAb CD73xEGFR (1 μg/ml) (or controls) in the presence of Fab-ZAP human (Cat. #IT-51). Apoptotic cancer cell death was evaluated after 24 h by flow cytometry using Annexin-V/PI staining.

Related Products: Fab-ZAP human (Cat. #IT-51)

Jin X, Yang GY (2023) Pathophysiological roles and applications of glycosphingolipids in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer diseases. Prog Lipid Res 101241. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101241 PMID: 37524133

Objective: The authors review the tumor-related biological functions of GSLs and recent progress in using GSLs and related enzymes to diagnose and treat tumor diseases.

Summary: Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are glycolipids present on the surface of living cell membranes. Specific GSLs and related enzymes are abnormally expressed in many cancer diseases and affect the malignant characteristics of tumors. The regulatory roles of GSLs in signaling pathways suggest that they are involved in tumor pathogenesis. GSLs have therefore been widely studied as diagnostic markers of cancer diseases and important targets of immunotherapy.

Usage: The stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA4) mAb, MC-813-70, was mixed with Mab-ZAP at a molar ratio of approximately 3:1 with the complex used at nanomolar concentrations on MDA-MB-231 cells, a triple negative breast cancer cell known to express SSEA-4. The conjugate was able to reduce tumor viability in vitro.

Related Products: Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04)

See Also:

• Ruggiero FM et al. Exploiting the internalization feature of an antibody against the glycosphingolipid SSEA-4 to deliver immunotoxins in breast cancer cells. Immunol Cell Biol 98(3):187-202, 2020.

Zhang H, Zhu Y, Chen S, Deng K, Zheng M, Zeng Z, Wang Q, Cai H, Lu Z (2023) Autonomic nerve and its modulation approaches for heart failure. Brain & Heart doi: 10.36922/bh.0913

Objective: Authors review neural modulation approaches that can assist in the management of heart failure.

Summary: The autonomic nervous system governs the heart’s neurological regulation through opposing functions of its sympathetic and parasympathetic components. Potential treatments for heart failure include inhibiting the sympathetic nerve’s overactivity and restoring parasympathetic activity in the heart. CTB-SAP was used to ablate cardiac sympathetic neurons via retrograde transport on stellate ganglion neurons.

Usage: CTB-SAP was injected into the right superior vervical ganglion of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (50 ug/rat).

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

See Also:

• Llewellyn-Smith IJ et al. Retrogradely transported CTB-saporin kills sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Neuroreport 10(2):307-312, 1999.

Canarutto D, Omer Javed A, Pedrazzani G, Ferrari S, Naldini L (2023) Mobilization-based engraftment of haematopoietic stem cells: a new perspective for chemotherapy-free gene therapy and transplantation. Br Med Bull ldad017. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldad017 PMID: 37460391

Objective: The authors review alternative chemotherapy-free approaches to niche voidance that could replace conventional regimens and alleviate the morbidity of the procedure.

Summary: In haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from a healthy donor replace the patient’s. Ex vivo HSC gene therapy (HSC GT) is a form of HSCT in which HSCs are genetically modified before infusion, to generate a progeny of gene-modified cells. In HSCT and HSC-GT, chemotherapy is administered before infusion to free space in the bone marrow niche, which is required for the engraftment of infused cells. One approach reviewed by the authors involves Anti-CD45-SAP. The conjugate was shown to clear the white blood cell compartment. Administration into mice prior to HSCT resulted in comparable haematopoietic reconstitution as total body irradiation, with less side effects (Palchaudhuri R. et al, 2016) and faster T-cell repopulation likely due to sparing radio damage to the thymic stroma (Schiroli G et al., 2017).

Related Products: Anti-CD45.2-SAP (Cat. #IT-91)

See Also:

• Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.
• Schiroli G et al. Preclinical modeling highlights the therapeutic potential of hematopoietic stem cell gene editing for correction of SCID-X1. Sci Transl Med 9(411):eaan0820, 2017.

Kfoury YS, Ji F, Jain E, Mazzola MC, Schiroli G, Papazian A, Mercier FE, Sykes DB, Kiem A, Randolph MA, Abdel-Wahab OI, Calvi LM, Sadreyev R, Scadden DT (2023) The bone marrow stroma in human myelodysplastic syndrome reveals alterations that regulate disease progression. Blood Adv bloodadvances.2022008268. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008268 PMID: 37450380

Objective: Evaluate mesenchymal cell molecular features searching for modifications that could impact Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and offer potential therapeutics.

Summary: MDS is a heterogenous group of diseases affecting hematopoietic stem cells and are curable only by stem cell transplantation. Animal models of MDS indicate that changes in specific mesenchymal progenitor subsets in the BM can induce or select for abnormal hematopoietic cells. The authors identified that osteopontin (SPP1) is overexpressed in human bone marrow mesenchymal cells. SPP1 expression in comparable mesenchymal stromal cell populations plays protective roles in disease progression in an MDS mouse model.

Usage: Streptavidin-ZAP was combined with biotinylated CD117 (cKit) Ab in a 1:1 molar ratio. Mice were dosed with the conjugate at 3 mg/kg. The authors used the antibody-drug conjugate as a conditioning strategy that spares the non-hematopoietic microenvironment in the BM from genotoxic injury. This approach has been shown to deplete host hematopoietic stem cells with minimal toxicity effectively.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Sun Z, Huang J, Fishelson Z, Wang C, Zhang S (2023) Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Based Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs: Development, Strategies, and Progress. Biomedicines 11(7):1971.

Objective: Review the development process of cell penetrating peptides and summarize the composition and classification of the penetrating peptide-based delivery systems, cellular uptake mechanisms, influencing factors, and biological barriers.

Summary: Delivery of macromolecular drugs (like saporin) with a cell penetrating peptide can be an effective way to create bioavailability. The principle underlying these approaches is to briefly destroy the cell membrane so that macromolecular drugs can enter the cell, after which the cell membrane is repaired and can restore cell homeostasis. Compared to other methods, the use of Cell Penetrating Peptides causes less damage to the cell membrane and is more effective and safe offering itself as a useful tool for macromolecular drug delivery.

Usage: Saporin as a conjugate to cell penetrating peptides. Nakase (2016) uses Saporin as a part of an extracellular vesicle conjugated with octaarginine, a cell penetrating peptide.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Nakase, I.; Noguchi, K.; Fujii, I.; Futaki, S. Vectorization of biomacromolecules into cells using extracellular vesicles with enhancedinternalization induced by macro-pinocytosis. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 34937.

Yang Q, Liu N, Zhao Z, Liu X, Yin L (2023) Dynamically crosslinked nanocapsules for the efficient and serum-resistant cytosolic protein delivery. Nano Research doi: 10.1007/s12274-023-5978-2

Objective: Improve protein delivery with the synthesis of epigallocatechin gallate/low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine/2-acetylphenylboric acid (EPP)-protein nano-capsules.

Summary: A protein delivery strategy was created through the crosslinking of various markers on the protein surface, hence forming the EPP-protein nano-capsules. The EPP-protein nano-capsule allowed for acid-triggered dissociation of EPP-protein nano-capsules in the endolysosomes, which triggered efficient intracellular release of the native proteins. Acid dissociation showed high efficiency and universality for diversities of proteins with different molecular weights and isoelectric points, including enzymes, toxins, antibodies, and CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein.

Usage: Delivered into in vivo 4T1 tumors in mice (PBS, saporin, or EPP-saporin nano-capsules were i.v. injected (0.5 mg saporin/kg) on day 0, 2, 4, and 6) and in vitro HeLa cells (seeded with 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 μg/mL concentrations of Saporin or EPP-Saporin).

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)