References

Kucharczyk MW, Valiente D, Bannister K (2021) Developments in understanding diffuse noxious inhibitory controls: pharmacological evidence from pre-clinical research. J Pain Res 14:1083-1095. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S258602

Summary: This review discusses the pharmacological manipulation interrogation strategies that have been used to examine the functionality of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) and descending control of nociception (DCN).

Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP is one of the drugs tested to influence DNIC expression. They reference a publication that reported that icv injection of Anti-DBH-SAP abolished DCN expression. Anti-DBH-SAP (5 μg/5 μl) was injected in the left ventricle. Lesion of the LC resulted in failure of DNIC, an effect that mimics what is observed behaviorally after chronic TBI.

See: Irvine KA et al. Loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory control after traumatic brain injury in rats: A chronic issue. Exp Neurol 333:113428, 2020.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Han W, de Araujo IE (2021) Dissection and surgical approaches to the mouse jugular-nodose ganglia. STAR Protocols 2(2):100474. doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100474

Usage: Injected 0.5 µl of CCK-SAP (250 ng/µl) into the R-NG of VGlut2-ires-Cre mice.

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)

For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Han et al.

See Also: Han W et al. A neural circuit for gut-induced reward. Cell 175:665-678, 2018.

Liu Y, Forsythe P (2021) Vagotomy and insights into the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Neurosci Res 168:20-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.04.001

Objective: To review the use of vagotomy as a tool to explore the role of the vagus nerve in gut to brain signaling.

Summary: This review article is a summary of the knowledge gained from vagotomy, a surgical procedure that involves removing part of the vagus nerve. The article discusses using CCK-SAP to specifically ablate afferent vagal nerves in the gastrointestinal tract.

Usage: The article references a study by Diepenbroek et al. that used CCK-SAP in the following dosages: In vitro: each well was treated with a different dose of saporin conjugates (0, 2.4, 24, or 240 ng) for 24 h. In vivo: An equal volume (rat: 1 µl; mouse: 0.5 µl) of CCK-SAP (250 ng/µl) or Saporin (250 ng/µl) was injected at two sites rostral and caudal to the laryngeal nerve branch.

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Diepenbroek C et al. Validation and characterization of a novel method for selective vagal deafferentation of the gut. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 313:G342-G352, 2017.

Phipps BL, Suwannasual U, Lucero J, Mitchell NA, Lund AK (2021) Vehicle emissions-exposure alters expression of systemic and tissue-specific components of the renin-angiotensin system and promotes outcomes associated with cardiovascular disease and obesity in wild-type C57BL/6 male mice. Toxicol Rep 8:846-862. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.001 PMID: 33948438

Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that exposure to engine emissions increases systemic and local adipocyte RAS signaling, promoting the expression of factors involved in cardiovascular disease and obesity.

Summary: Subchronic traffic-generated air pollution exposure (MVE) results in elevated expression of AT1 in the systemic vasculature, which is associated with increased vascular adhesion molecule expression, monocyte/macrophage sequestration, and production of ROS, all of which are early tissue-level signaling events in the pathogenesis of CVD. Furthermore, kidney levels of renin and Ang II receptors, AT1 and AT2, were also elevated with MVE exposure.

Usage: Immunofluorescence (1:1000)

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP), Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)

Wang Y, Tan B, Wang Y, Chen Z (2021) Cholinergic signaling, neural excitability, and epilepsy. Molecules 26(8):2258. doi: 10.3390/molecules26082258

Summary: In this review, the authors briefly describe the distribution of cholinergic neurons, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system and their relationship with neural excitability and epilepsy. intraventricular administration of 192-IgG-SAP, which inhibits cholinergic projection to the hippocampus and cortex respectively, facilitates seizure induced by amygdala kindling

Usage: Ferencz et al. used 192-IgG-SAP (2.5 μg icv) to investigate the effect of eliminating cholinergic projections to the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex on the induction of epilepsy through electrical stimulation of the rat brain. They determined that the loss of specific projections to the amygdala accelerates development of seizures.

See: Ferencz I et al. Basal forebrain neurons suppress amygdala kindling via cortical but not hippocampal cholinergic projections in rats. Eur J Neurosci 12:2107-2116, 2000.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Ashkenazi SL, Polis B, David O, Morris G (2021) Striatal cholinergic interneurons exert inhibition on competing default behaviours controlled by the nucleus accumbens and dorsolateral striatum. Eur J Neurosci 53(7):2078-2089. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14873

Objective: To determine whether cholinergic interneurons contribute to the competition between both ventral and dorsolateral control systems.

Summary: Findings indicate a central role of cholinergic interneurons in regulating motivational impact on striatally controlled behaviors.

Usage: Anti-ChAT-SAP was diluted to 0.5 μg/μl in phosphate buffer saline and 0.5 μl were injected in each injection site.

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)

Liu X, Wang Y, Tao T, Zeng L, Wang D, Wen Y, Li Y, Zhao Z, Tao A (2021) GRPR/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NPRA/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways play a critical role in spinal transmission of chronic itch. J Invest Dermatol 141(4):863-873. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.008

Summary: This study investigates whether there are certain key signaling molecules downstream of the recently identified peptides mediating itch in the spinal cord. Bombesin-SAP completely abolished extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. ERK was the most highly activated by their agonists BNP (Nppb, brain-derived natriuretic peptide) and octreotide. Nppb-SAP only partially reduced pERK in cervical spinal cord.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)

Chen P, Pan M, Lin QS, Lin XZ, Lin Z (2021) CSF-CN contributes to cancer-induced bone pain via the MKP-1-mediated MAPK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 547:36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.010

Summary: Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus (CSF–CN) has been reported to be involved in the development of neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain. This study aimed to see whether it also has a role in cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP). Targeted ablation of CSF-CN dramatically aggravated pain sensitivity.

Usage: Injection via icv of CTB-SAP was performed to “knockout” the CSF-CN.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Xu Q, Wang DR, Dong H, Chen L, Lu J, Lazarus M, Cherasse Y, Chen GH, Qu WM, Huang ZL (2021) Medial parabrachial nucleus is essential in controlling wakefulness in rats. Front Neurosci 15:645877. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645877

Summary: Lesions of the LC with 192-IgG-SAP have no significant effect on wakefulness in rats (Blanco-Centurion et al.). Only the Orexin-SAP lesion involved in the MPB region resulted in the dramatic decrease of wakefulness in rats (Fuller et al.).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

See Also:

• Blanco-Centurion C et al. Effects of saporin-induced lesions of three arousal populations on daily levels of sleep and wake. J Neurosci 27:14041-14048, 2007.
• Fuller P et al. Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 519(5):933-956, 2011.

Dinh HT, Nishimaru H, Le QV, Matsumoto J, Setogawa T, Maior RS, Tomaz C, Ono T, Nishijo H (2021) Preferential neuronal responses to snakes in the monkey medial prefrontal cortex support an evolutionary origin for ophidiophobia. Front Behav Neurosci 15:653250. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.653250

Summary: Ophidiophobia (snake phobia) is one of the most common specific phobias. Noninvasive imaging studies of patients with specific phobia reported that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), especially the rostral part of the anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), and amygdala are activated during the presentation of phobogenic stimuli. Attentional bias to specific animals promotes anxiety and phobia. The mPFC is reported to be involved in attentional allocation to various salient visual stimuli. The findings suggest that the rACC focuses attention on snakes, and promotes aversive conditioning to snakes, which may lead to anxiety and ophidiophobia.

Usage: Prior work has demonstrated that lesions of the cortical cholinergic system of the basal forebrain impair performance in attentional tasks. 192-IgG-SAP (50 or 100 ng) was infused into the PFC of rats.

See: Dalley JW et al. Cortical cholinergic function and deficits in visual attentional performance in rats following 192 IgG-Saporin-induced lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 14(8):922-932, 2004.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)