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Placenta: A gold mine for translational research and regenerative medicine
Pethe P, Kale V (2021) Placenta: A gold mine for translational research and regenerative medicine. Reprod Biol 21(2):100508. doi: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100508
Objective: To review recent studies regarding the therapeutic potential of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hPMSCs) and their extracellular vesicles (EVs).
Summary: These studies demonstrate salutary effects of hPMSC-EVs on a range of different difficult-to-treat conditions like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, acute kidney injury, etc., and therefore, it is imperative that these leads should be taken forward to clinical trials.
Usage: 8 µL of 192 IgG-saporin (0.63 µg/µL) were bilaterally injected into the ventricle to induce a dementia rat model.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Medullary noradrenergic neurons mediate hemodynamic responses to osmotic and volume challenges
Marques SM, Naves LM, Silva TME, Cavalcante KVN, Alves JM, Ferreira-Neto ML, de Castro CH, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Fajemiroye JO, Gomes RM, Colombari E, Xavier CH, Pedrino GR (2021) Medullary noradrenergic neurons mediate hemodynamic responses to osmotic and volume challenges. Front Physiol 12:649535. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649535
Summary: The study sought to determine the role of noradrenergic neurons in hypertonic saline infusion (HSI)-induced hemodynamic recovery. Findings show that together the A1 and A2 neurons are essential to HSI-induced cardiovascular recovery in hypovolemia.
Usage: Medullary catecholaminergic neurons were lesioned by nanoinjection of Anti-DBH-SAP (0.105 ng·nl−1) into A1, A2, or both (LES A1; LES A2; or LES A1+A2, respectively). Sham rats received nanoinjections of unconjugated saporin in the same regions.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Mechanism of Radix Astragali and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae ameliorates hypertensive renal damage
Hou G, Jiang Y, Zheng Y, Zhao M, Chen Y, Ren Y, Wang C, Li W (2021) Mechanism of Radix Astragali and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae ameliorates hypertensive renal damage. Biomed Res Int eCollection:5598351. doi: 10.1155/2021/5598351 PMID: 33969119
Objective: To explore the mechanism of combination of Radix Astragali (RA) and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RS) ameliorating HRD by regulation of the renal sympathetic nerve.
Summary: The combination of RA and RS may inhibit the hyperexcitability of sympathetic nerves, reduce Ang II overexpression, avoid abnormal activation of the RAS system, and improve rat renal blood flow resistance, accordingly maintaining the normal physiological structure and function of kidney tissue and having a protective effect on the cardiovascular system.
Usage: Immunohistochemistry (1:150)
Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)
Developments in understanding diffuse noxious inhibitory controls: pharmacological evidence from pre-clinical research
Kucharczyk MW, Valiente D, Bannister K (2021) Developments in understanding diffuse noxious inhibitory controls: pharmacological evidence from pre-clinical research. J Pain Res 14:1083-1095. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S258602
Summary: This review discusses the pharmacological manipulation interrogation strategies that have been used to examine the functionality of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) and descending control of nociception (DCN).
Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP is one of the drugs tested to influence DNIC expression. They reference a publication that reported that icv injection of Anti-DBH-SAP abolished DCN expression. Anti-DBH-SAP (5 μg/5 μl) was injected in the left ventricle. Lesion of the LC resulted in failure of DNIC, an effect that mimics what is observed behaviorally after chronic TBI.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
Dissection and surgical approaches to the mouse jugular-nodose ganglia
Han W, de Araujo IE (2021) Dissection and surgical approaches to the mouse jugular-nodose ganglia. STAR Protocols 2(2):100474. doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100474
Usage: Injected 0.5 µl of CCK-SAP (250 ng/µl) into the R-NG of VGlut2-ires-Cre mice.
Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)
For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Han et al.
See Also: Han W et al. A neural circuit for gut-induced reward. Cell 175:665-678, 2018.
Vagotomy and insights into the microbiota-gut-brain axis
Liu Y, Forsythe P (2021) Vagotomy and insights into the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Neurosci Res 168:20-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.04.001
Objective: To review the use of vagotomy as a tool to explore the role of the vagus nerve in gut to brain signaling.
Summary: This review article is a summary of the knowledge gained from vagotomy, a surgical procedure that involves removing part of the vagus nerve. The article discusses using CCK-SAP to specifically ablate afferent vagal nerves in the gastrointestinal tract.
Usage: The article references a study by Diepenbroek et al. that used CCK-SAP in the following dosages: In vitro: each well was treated with a different dose of saporin conjugates (0, 2.4, 24, or 240 ng) for 24 h. In vivo: An equal volume (rat: 1 µl; mouse: 0.5 µl) of CCK-SAP (250 ng/µl) or Saporin (250 ng/µl) was injected at two sites rostral and caudal to the laryngeal nerve branch.
Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
See Also:
Vehicle emissions-exposure alters expression of systemic and tissue-specific components of the renin-angiotensin system and promotes outcomes associated with cardiovascular disease and obesity in wild-type C57BL/6 male mice
Phipps BL, Suwannasual U, Lucero J, Mitchell NA, Lund AK (2021) Vehicle emissions-exposure alters expression of systemic and tissue-specific components of the renin-angiotensin system and promotes outcomes associated with cardiovascular disease and obesity in wild-type C57BL/6 male mice. Toxicol Rep 8:846-862. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.001 PMID: 33948438
Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that exposure to engine emissions increases systemic and local adipocyte RAS signaling, promoting the expression of factors involved in cardiovascular disease and obesity.
Summary: Subchronic traffic-generated air pollution exposure (MVE) results in elevated expression of AT1 in the systemic vasculature, which is associated with increased vascular adhesion molecule expression, monocyte/macrophage sequestration, and production of ROS, all of which are early tissue-level signaling events in the pathogenesis of CVD. Furthermore, kidney levels of renin and Ang II receptors, AT1 and AT2, were also elevated with MVE exposure.
Usage: Immunofluorescence (1:1000)
Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP), Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)
Cholinergic signaling, neural excitability, and epilepsy
Wang Y, Tan B, Wang Y, Chen Z (2021) Cholinergic signaling, neural excitability, and epilepsy. Molecules 26(8):2258. doi: 10.3390/molecules26082258
Summary: In this review, the authors briefly describe the distribution of cholinergic neurons, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system and their relationship with neural excitability and epilepsy. intraventricular administration of 192-IgG-SAP, which inhibits cholinergic projection to the hippocampus and cortex respectively, facilitates seizure induced by amygdala kindling
Usage: Ferencz et al. used 192-IgG-SAP (2.5 μg icv) to investigate the effect of eliminating cholinergic projections to the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex on the induction of epilepsy through electrical stimulation of the rat brain. They determined that the loss of specific projections to the amygdala accelerates development of seizures.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Striatal cholinergic interneurons exert inhibition on competing default behaviours controlled by the nucleus accumbens and dorsolateral striatum.
Ashkenazi SL, Polis B, David O, Morris G (2021) Striatal cholinergic interneurons exert inhibition on competing default behaviours controlled by the nucleus accumbens and dorsolateral striatum. Eur J Neurosci 53(7):2078-2089. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14873
Objective: To determine whether cholinergic interneurons contribute to the competition between both ventral and dorsolateral control systems.
Summary: Findings indicate a central role of cholinergic interneurons in regulating motivational impact on striatally controlled behaviors.
Usage: Anti-ChAT-SAP was diluted to 0.5 μg/μl in phosphate buffer saline and 0.5 μl were injected in each injection site.
Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)
GRPR/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NPRA/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways play a critical role in spinal transmission of chronic itch
Liu X, Wang Y, Tao T, Zeng L, Wang D, Wen Y, Li Y, Zhao Z, Tao A (2021) GRPR/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NPRA/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways play a critical role in spinal transmission of chronic itch. J Invest Dermatol 141(4):863-873. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.008
Summary: This study investigates whether there are certain key signaling molecules downstream of the recently identified peptides mediating itch in the spinal cord. Bombesin-SAP completely abolished extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. ERK was the most highly activated by their agonists BNP (Nppb, brain-derived natriuretic peptide) and octreotide. Nppb-SAP only partially reduced pERK in cervical spinal cord.
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)