References

Sheikh A, Kanold PO (2010) Subplate neurons promote the formation of barrels within rat primary somatosensory cortex. Neuroscience 2010 Abstracts 33.1/E1. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA.

Summary: Subplate neurons are a transient neuronal population present in the neonatal cortex. Subplate neurons receive thalamic afferents and project into the developing cortical plate. Selective removal of subplate neurons in cat visual cortex prevents the normal development of ocular dominance columns and the functional maturation of thalamocortical connections (Ghosh & Shatz 1992, Kanold et al. 2003) . A role of subplate neurons in the development of other sensory cortices is unknown. In rodents, thalamocortical afferents representing the whiskers segregate into barrels in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). This segregation occurs postnatally and can be disrupted by manipulations of neuronal activity. We previously showed that subplate removal disrupts the development of patterned cortical activity in S1 (Tolner, Yukin, Kaila, Kanold, Abstr. SFN 2009). Thus we hypothesized that disruption of patterned activity in S1 alters the development of barrels. Thus here we investigated if subplate neurons play a role in the development of barrels in rat S1. Subplate neurons were ablated in the somatosensory cortex of rat pups at postnatal day (P) 0 by immunotoxin injections. 10-14 days later we investigated the pattern of barrels in S1 via cytochrome oxidase staining. After subplate ablation there was a disturbance in the barrel patterning when compared to the un-manipulated or control-toxin injected hemispheres. Therefore, subplate neurons are involved in the formation of barrels in S1.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Sorkin LS, Choi J-I, Koehrn FJ (2010) Carageenan evoked P-Akt in deep dorsal horn neurons is prevented by loss of neurokinin1 positive neurons in superficial dorsal horn. Neuroscience 2010 Abstracts 81.21/VV19. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA.

Summary: P-Akt expression increases in dorsal horn after prolonged noxious stimulation and participates in synaptic strengthening. Recent work from our lab, showed separate p-Akt peaks in superficial (45 min) and deep dorsal horn (DH) neurons (2 hrs) after paw carrageenan. It has been suggested that NK1 receptor-expressing projection neurons (NK1+) in superficial DH are necessary for deep DH neuronal sensitization, possibly via a spino-bulbo-spinal loop. In this study, we examined whether the pattern of p-Akt expression was modulated by elimination of superficial DH NK1(+) neurons. Male Holtzman rats (250-275 g) were injected over the lumbar enlargement with substance P-saporin conjugate (SSP-SAP ([Sar9Met(O2)11] 100 ng/µl, n=8), SAP (n=8), or BSA vehicle (n=3). Catheters were removed 20 min post-injection. Two weeks later, carrageenan (2%, 100 µl) was injected into the hindpaw. Animals were perfused 45 min or 2 hrs after carrageenan (or sham) injection. Immunohistochemistry was performed on frozen sections (20mm). After correction for background density, NK-1 immunoreactivity was measured as number of bright pixels (intensity value >50 of 256)/total pixels within user-defined boxes in laminae I-III and IV-V. Neuronal p-Akt was measured using double labeling with rabbit anti-p-Akt ser 473 and mouse anti-NeuN; cells immunopositive for both were counted separately for lamina I-III and IV-V. For both measures, values from four random sections taken from segments L4 and 5 were averaged for each animal. The histologist was blinded as to spinal treatment. Density of NK-1 immunoreactivity was markedly reduced in laminae I-III in rats treated with SSP-SAP compared to SAP or BSA (24.7± 5.6% vs 78.3 ± 3.2%, 76.9 ± 2.0% respectively; p<0.01) with no differences in lamina IV-V (72.2 ± 3.4% vs 75.9 ± 1.7%, & 76.5 ± 3.4%. Counts of p-Akt neurons did not differ at any time point among animals with no pretreatment, BSA or SAP prior to carrageenan. However, the carrageenan-evoked increases in p-Akt neurons seen in laminae I-III at 45 min (9.3 ± 1.0 SAP and 2.4 ± 1.6 SSP-SAP at 45 min) and in laminae IV-V at 2 hour (11.3±1.0 SAP and 3.5± 0.9 SSP-SAP) were totally blocked by loss of NK1 neurons. Selective ablation of NK1+ neurons in superficial DH blocked peripheral inflammation-induced increase of p-Akt expression in both superficial and deep DH neurons. While some p-Akt reduction in laminae I-III was probably due to neuronal loss, i.e. NK1 receptor bearing neurons become p-AKT positive, we propose that reduction in deeper laminae was due to elimination of the first leg of a facilitatory spino-bulbo-spinal loop although loss of local NK+ interneurons could also have contributed.

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Gray PA, Hayes JA, Ling GY, Llona I, Tupal S, Picardo MCD, Ross SE, Hirata T, Corbin JG, Eugenin J, Del Negro CA (2010) Developmental origin of preBotzinger Complex respiratory neurons. J Neurosci 30(44):14883-14895. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4031-10.2010 PMID: 21048147

Summary: Breathing in adult rats requires a subset of neurons in the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) that express the neurokinin-1 receptor and the peptide somatostatin. In this work the authors investigate the developmental origins of these cells. Using various techniques, including immunohistochemistry with an anti-neurokinin-1 receptor antibody (Cat. #AB-N04), it is demonstrated that neurons derived from Dbx-1 expressing progenitor cells are important in the generation of respiratory behavior.

Related Products: Antibody to NK-1 Receptor (Cat. #AB-N04)

Girard BM, Malley SE, Vizzard MA (2011) Neurotrophin/receptor expression in urinary bladder of mice with overexpression of NGF in urothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 300(2):F345-55. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00515.2010 PMID: 21048026

Summary: Chronic overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the urinary bladder results in neuronal sprouting, increased voiding frequency, and referred somatic hypersensitivity. The authors investigated several growth factor and receptor responses to chronic overexpression of NGF. A p75 antibody (Cat. #AB-N01) was used to obtain the immunohistochemistry data. The data suggest that changes due to NGF overexpression may be a compensatory attempt to reduce voiding frequency.

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Gompf HS, Mathai C, Fuller PM, Wood DA, Pedersen NP, Saper CB, Lu J (2010) Locus ceruleus and anterior cingulate cortex sustain wakefulness in a novel environment. J Neurosci 30(43):14543-14551. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3037-10.2010

Objective: To examine arousal due to environmental stimuli after lesioning of the Locus ceruleus (LC).

Summary: Lesioned animals did not show sustained neurobehavioral and EEG arousal in response to a novel environment. The data suggest sustained attention requires an interaction between the LC and the anterior cingulate cortex.

Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP (0.25-1 µg) was injected into the lateral ventricle of rats.

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Koenig J, Lecourtier L, Cosquer B, Pereira PM, Cassel J (2011) Spatial memory alterations by activation of septal 5HT(1A) receptors: no implication of cholinergic septohippocampal neurons. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 214(2):437-454. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-2049-7

Summary: These experiments examined what effect damaged cholinergic neurons would have on memory deficits induced by the 5-HT1A/5-HT7 receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT. Rats received 0.4 µg injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum, delivered through an infusion device. Through use of a water maze test, the authors show that several neuronal populations are involved in processing hippocampal information, and non-cholinergic neurons in this region may be more important than the cholinergic ones for memory processing.

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Lujan HL, DiCarlo SE (2010) Featured Article: Targeted ablation of sympathetic neurons reduces ventricular arrhythmias and autonomic dysreflexia. Targeting Trends 11(4)

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

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See Also:

• Lujan HL et al. Targeted Ablation of Cardiac Sympathetic Neurons Reduces the Susceptibility to Ischemia-Induced Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Conscious Rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 298:H1330-H1339, 2010.
• Lujan HL et al. Targeted Ablation of Mesenteric Projecting Sympathetic Neurons Reduces the Hemodynamic Response to Pain in Conscious Spinal Cord Transected Rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 298(5):R1358-1365, 2010.

Do MTH, Yau K (2010) Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Physiol Rev 90(4):1547-1581. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2010

Summary: This review presents recent data that has established the importance of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRPG) in nonimage visual functions. The use of melanopsin-SAP (Cat. #IT-44) in both mice and rats is discussed. It is of note that depletion of ipRPG’s using melanopsin-SAP resulted in deficits in communication to nonimage regions of the brain, but image vision appeared normal.

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Lyons AM, Thiele TE (2010) Neuropeptide Y conjugated to saporin alters anxiety-like behavior when injected into the central nucleus of the amygdala or basomedial hypothalamus in BALB/cJ mice. Peptides 31(12):2193-2199. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.09.009

Summary: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the hypothalamus is known to modulate feeding behavior. In this work the authors used bilateral 48 ng injections of NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28) into the central amygdala or basomedial hypothalamus (BMH) of rats to investigate the role of NPY in anxiety. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. Injections into the amygdala increased anxiety-like behavior, while injections into the BMH reduced anxiety-like behavior. BMH injections also initiated an increase of NPY-1 receptor expression in the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala.

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Quadros EV, Nakayama Y, Sequeira JM (2010) Targeted delivery of saporin toxin by monoclonal antibody to the transcobalamin receptor, TCblR/CD320. Mol Cancer Ther 9(11):3033-3040. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-0513

Summary: Vitamin B12 is necessary for cell proliferation. Cancer cells display an increased expression of TCb1R, the receptor that facilitates the intake of B12. In order to evaluate the potential of using immunotoxins to eliminate cancer cells expressing TCb1R the authors performed a series of in vitro experiments using their monoclonal antibodies plus Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04). The results indicate that this is a viable therapeutic model that causes minimal peripheral damage.

Related Products: Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04)