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Orexin A alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting macrophage activation through JNK-mediated autophagy
Nie Y, Liang J, Sun J, Li J, Zhai X, Zhao P (2023) Orexin A alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting macrophage activation through JNK-mediated autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 124(Pt B):111018. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111018 PMID: 37801969
Objective: To investigate the crosstalk between the central nervous system and immune response through the inflammatory response caused by lung injury.
Summary: By modeling acute respiratory distress in mice, the role of orexin-A and orexin-B was investigated through their inflammatory response. Orexin neurons were eliminated through lesions with Orexin-B-SAP (IT-20). Inflammatory cell infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines generation were aggravated after orexin neurons were ablated.
Usage: Mice were injected in the bilateral hypothalamus with 1 μL of Orexin-B-SAP (0.36 μg/μL) using a permanent stainless steel internal cannula connected at a speed of 16.5 ng/23 nl/second.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Cannabinoids: Emerging sleep modulator
Low ZXB, Lee XR, Soga T, Goh BH, Alex D, Kumari Y (2023) Cannabinoids: Emerging sleep modulator. Biomed Pharmacother 165:115102. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115102 PMID: 37406510
Objective: To review the modulation of sleep by cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system.
Summary: This review article discusses the role of cannabinoids, including endocannabinoids like anandamide and phytocannabinoids like THC and CBD, in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. The authors review evidence that cannabinoids act on areas of the brain involved in promoting sleep, like the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, and inhibit wake-promoting areas, like the locus coeruleus.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
The effects of loss of orexin neurons on attention
Sainz AE (2023) The effects of loss of orexin neurons on attention. William & Mary Thesis.
Objective: This paper examines the effects of loss of orexin neurons on attention in mice.
Summary: This undergraduate honors thesis from William & Mary tested attention in mice after selective loss of orexin neurons, which are important for arousal. The researchers found impairments in sustained attention and cognitive flexibility in the mice missing orexin neurons.
Usage: 0.5 µl of Orexin-B-SAP (0.4 µg/µl) or saline was administered to both sides of the lateral hypothalamus for 30 seconds using a 1 µl syringe.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness
Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC (2022) A century searching for the neurons necessary for wakefulness. Front Neurosci 16:930514. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514
Objective: This review article attempts to summarize research that has investigated the neurons necessary for wakefulness.
Summary: The authors summarize animal experiments and research performed in different brain regions to further understand wakefulness. Several saporin conjugates are discussed.
Usage: Lesions of the basal forebrain were done by injecting a 0.1% solution of either 192-IgG-SAP or Orexin-SAP at four different sites (Fuller et al. and Geraschenko et al.); Intraventricular injection of Anti-DBH-SAP (Gompf et al.); Bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Kaur et al.).
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
See Also:
- Fuller P et al. Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 519(5):933-956, 2011.
- Gerashchenko D et al. Insomnia following hypocretin2-saporin lesions of the substantia nigra. Neuroscience 137(1):29-36, 2006.
- Gompf HS et al. Locus ceruleus and anterior cingulate cortex sustain wakefulness in a novel environment. J Neurosci 30(43):14543-14551, 2010.
- Kaur S et al. Effects of ibotenate and 192IgG-saporin lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis/substantia innominata on spontaneous sleep and wake states and on recovery sleep after sleep deprivation in rats. J Neurosci 28:491-504, 2008.
Expert Opinion: Managing sleep disturbances in people with epilepsy
Nobili L, Beniczky S, Eriksson SH, Romigi A, Ryvlin P, Toledo M, Rosenzweig I (2021) Expert Opinion: Managing sleep disturbances in people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 124:108341. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108341
Summary: The authors suggest that the dose and timing of antiepileptic medications and other co-medications should always be optimized in order to improve nocturnal sleep and avoid daytime sedation.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Neural circuitry underlying REM sleep: A review of the literature and current concepts
Wang YQ, Liu WY, Li L, Qu WM, Huang ZL (2021) Neural circuitry underlying REM sleep: A review of the literature and current concepts. Prog Neurobiol 204:102106. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102106
Summary: To investigate the role of the LC in sleep the authors injected 0.3 µl of 192-Saporin (Cat. IT-01) or anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) at 1 µg/µl. They also used 0.3 µl of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) at either 90 ng/µl or 60 ng/µl in a separate group of animals. The results indicate that orexin innervation to the pons plays a role in arousal from sleep.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)
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The effects of orexin-A and orexin receptors on anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in a male rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder
Han D, Shi Y, Han F (2022) The effects of orexin-A and orexin receptors on anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in a male rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Comp Neurol 530(3):592-606. doi: 10.1002/cne.25231
Objective: To determine the role of the orexin system in mediating anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in PTSD.
Summary: Intracerebroventricular administration of orexin-A alleviated behavioral changes in a PTSD rat model and partly restored the increased levels of OX1R in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). These results suggest that the orexin system plays a role in the anxiety- and depression-related symptoms observed in PTSD.
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
Effects of propofol on sleep architecture and sleep-wake systems in rats
Yue XF, Wang AZ, Hou YP, Fan K (2021) Effects of propofol on sleep architecture and sleep-wake systems in rats. Behav Brain Res 411:113380. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113380
Objective: To characterize the effects of propofol on the profile of sleep–wake states and cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectral density in rats following intraperitoneal injection.
Summary: The high dose of propofol produced high-quality sleep by increasing SWS2, whereas the medium dose produced fragmented and low-quality sleep by disrupting the continuity of wakefulness.
Usage: Bilateral injection of Orexin-SAP (92 and 184 ng/ml, 0.25 ml in the ventral tegmental area and 0.5 ml in the substantia nigra) of rats induced insomnia, as well as hyperactivity and stereotypic movements
Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
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The medial septum as a potential target for treating brain disorders associated with oscillopathies
Takeuchi Y, Nagy AJ, Barcsai L, Li Q, Ohsawa M, Mizuseki K, Berényi A (2021) The medial septum as a potential target for treating brain disorders associated with oscillopathies. Front Neural Circuits 15:701080. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2021.701080
Summary: The medial septum (MS) may be a potential target for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders with abnormal oscillations (oscillopathies) to restore healthy patterns or erase undesired ones. The time-targeted strategy for the MS stimulation may provide an effective way of treating multiple disorders.
Usage: 192-IgG-SAP. The MS cholinergic neurons along with theta oscillations are known to be essential for memory because selective lesion of the cholinergic neurons resulted in spatial memory impairments (150 ng; Easton et al., 2011) (5.04 μg icv; Jeong et al., 2014). Orexin-SAP. The enhanced gamma oscillations and altered PPI and auditory gating created by psychoactive drugs in rats were mediated by GABAergic neurons in the MS because they were abolished by ablation of these neurons by Orexin-SAP (140 ng total bilateral; Ma et al., 2012). mu p75-SAP. Anxious environment-induced type 2 theta oscillation and associated anxiety were shown to be dependent on the MS cholinergic neurons because lesion of MS cholinergic neurons reduced them (0.65 or 1.3 µg, bilateral; Nag et al., 2009).
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
See Also:
- Easton A et al. Medial septal cholinergic neurons are necessary for context-place memory but not episodic-like memory. Hippocampus 21(9):1021-1027, 2011.
- Jeong D et al. Improvements in memory after medial septum stimulation are associated with changes in hippocampal cholinergic activity and neurogenesis. Biomed Res Int 2014:568587, 2014.
- Ma J et al. Septohippocampal GABAergic neurons mediate the altered behaviors induced by n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Hippocampus 22(12):2208-2218, 2012.
- Nag N et al. Efficacy of a murine-p75-saporin immunotoxin for selective lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in mice. Neurosci Lett 452:247-251, 2009.
Medial parabrachial nucleus is essential in controlling wakefulness in rats
Xu Q, Wang DR, Dong H, Chen L, Lu J, Lazarus M, Cherasse Y, Chen GH, Qu WM, Huang ZL (2021) Medial parabrachial nucleus is essential in controlling wakefulness in rats. Front Neurosci 15:645877. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645877
Summary: Lesions of the LC with 192-IgG-SAP have no significant effect on wakefulness in rats (Blanco-Centurion et al.). Only the Orexin-SAP lesion involved in the MPB region resulted in the dramatic decrease of wakefulness in rats (Fuller et al.).
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)
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