targeted-toxins

Pedrino GR, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Almeida Colombari DS, Rosa DA, Cravo SL (2012) A2 noradrenergic lesions prevent renal sympathoinhibition induced by hypernatremia in rats. PLoS One 7(5):e37587. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037587

Summary: It is thought that renal sympathetic nerve activity is a key component of the response to acute or chronic elevated concentrations of saline in the blood stream. The authors investigated what neurons are involved in the central control of these responses. Rats received bilateral 6.3 ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the nucleus of the solitary tract. An equimolar amount (1.3 ng) of saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Loss of the A2 noradrenergic neurons altered the renal sympathetic nerve activity response to elevated saline, suggesting that these neurons help regulate the extracellular fluid compartment.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Ma J, Tai SK, Leung LS (2012) Septohippocampal GABAergic neurons mediate the altered behaviors induced by n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Hippocampus 22(12):2208-2218. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22039

Summary: It is thought that the integrity of the medial septum is essential for the maintenance of hippocampal theta rhythm – and that this maintenance depends on three types of septohippocampal neurons; cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutaminergic. In this work the authors administered bilateral injections totaling 140 ng of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the medial septum of rats. The animals were then treated with NMDA receptor antagonists to examine the role of GABAergic neurons from the medial septum in psychotic behavior. The data suggest that septohippocampal GABAergic neurons are important for expression of psychotic symptoms caused by NMDA receptor antagonists.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Gulino R, Gulisano M (2012) Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and sonic hedgehog in the spinal cord plasticity after neurotoxic partial removal of lumbar motoneurons. Neurosci Res 73(3):238-247. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.04.010

Summary: In this work the authors created a motoneuron depletion with bilateral 6.0-μg injections of CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14) into the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles of rats. The results indicate BDNF and sonic hedgehog may collaborate in modulating synaptic plasticity after loss of motoneurons.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Field RH, Gossen A, Cunningham C (2012) Prior pathology in the basal forebrain cholinergic system predisposes to inflammation-induced working memory deficits: Reconciling inflammatory and cholinergic hypotheses of delirium. J Neurosci 32(18):6288-6294. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4673-11.2012

Summary: The authors lesioned the basal forebrain of mice with 0.08 μg or 0.4 μg icv injections of mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) to establish an early dementia-associated cholinergic loss model. The mice were then challenged with systemic inflammation using low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The mu p75-SAP lesion left hippocampal-dependent reference and working memory relatively intact. LPS-induced inflammation created acute working memory deficits; an aceytlcholinesterase inhibitor protected against this deficit.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Man SH, Geranton SM, Hunt SP (2012) Lamina I NK1 expressing projection neurones are functional in early postnatal rats and contribute to the setting up of adult mechanical sensory thresholds. Mol Pain 8(1):35. doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-35

Summary: Projections from lamina I neurons regulate mechanical and thermal sensitivity due to injury. Little is known about how these pathways develop immediately after birth. Rats at postnatal day 3 were treated with 2 μl of 5 μM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) injected into the intrathecal space. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The data show that neurokinin-1 positive neurons project to the parabrachial nucleus in the hindbrain, and that these neurons and lamina I neurons were responsive to noxious stimulation at postnatal day 3. Treated animals also displayed increased mechanical sensitivity from postnatal day 45 on.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Mavrogenis AF, Pavlakis K, Stamatoukou A, Papagelopoulos PJ, Theoharis S, Zetahang Z, Soucacos PN, Zoubos AB (2013) Intraneural OX7-saporin for neuroma-in-continuity in a rat model. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 23(3):263-272. doi: 10.1007/s00590-012-0996-x

Summary: The authors created a model of neuroma-in-continuity to explore the effect of OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02) on the neuroma. The left common peroneal, tibial or sciatic nerves were crushed, then at three and six weeks, the nerve cut distal to the site of nerve crush. Pressure microinjection of 2 μl of natural saline or 2 μl of the OX7-SAP was done at the nerve stump 2 days later. Sacrifice was done after 3 weeks. In all control specimens a neuroma-in-continuity was observed. In 19 of the 24 OX7-SAP specimens, histology showed inhibition of neuroma-in-continuity formation.

Related Products: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)

Taylor AM, Osikowicz M, Ribeiro-da-Silva A (2012) Consequences of the ablation of nonpeptidergic afferents in an animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Pain 153(6):1311-1319. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.03.023

Summary: The authors used IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10; 3.2 μg injected into the mental nerve) to eliminate C-fibers in the lower lip of rats to see if this was enough to induce the sprouting of autonomic fibers. Saporin alone (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Only parasympathetic fibers sprouted in these animals, but after nerve ligation surgery both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers sprouted.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Mittelman-Smith MA, Williams H, Krajewski-Hall SJ, Lai J, Ciofi P, McMullen NT, Rance NE ( 2012 ) Arcuate kisspeptin/neurokinin b/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons mediate the estrogen suppression of gonadotropin secretion and body weight. Endocrinology 153(6):2800-2812 . doi: 10.1210/en.2012-1045

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Talman WT, Dragon DN, Jones SY, Moore SA, Lin LH (2012) Sudden death and myocardial lesions after damage to catecholamine neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarii in rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 32(7):1119-1126. doi: 10.1007/s10571-012-9835-1

Summary: Previous work has shown that elimination of neurons expressing the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1r) from the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) causes various circulatory system dysfunctions, often leading to sudden death. The authors injected the brainstem of rats with 42 ng anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). to eliminate catecholaminergic neurons in the NTS that express tyrosine hydroxylase. This elimination had similar cardiac and cardiovascular effects to the elimination of NK1r-expressing neurons.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Q:  I’d like to know which of your products are the pan-neural targeting toxins? I need an agent to kill all nerves in tissue preps.

A: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02) should be perfect for this application. We recommend you examine your neurons with OX-7 antibody to see if they are positive. The only complication would be if you want to look at T-lymphocytes that also express Thy 1.

Related Product: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)