targeted-toxins

Mittelman-Smith MA, Williams H, Krajewski-Hall SJ, Lai J, Ciofi P, McMullen NT, Rance NE ( 2012 ) Arcuate kisspeptin/neurokinin b/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons mediate the estrogen suppression of gonadotropin secretion and body weight. Endocrinology 153(6):2800-2812 . doi: 10.1210/en.2012-1045

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Talman WT, Dragon DN, Jones SY, Moore SA, Lin LH (2012) Sudden death and myocardial lesions after damage to catecholamine neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarii in rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 32(7):1119-1126. doi: 10.1007/s10571-012-9835-1

Summary: Previous work has shown that elimination of neurons expressing the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1r) from the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) causes various circulatory system dysfunctions, often leading to sudden death. The authors injected the brainstem of rats with 42 ng anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). to eliminate catecholaminergic neurons in the NTS that express tyrosine hydroxylase. This elimination had similar cardiac and cardiovascular effects to the elimination of NK1r-expressing neurons.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Q:  I’d like to know which of your products are the pan-neural targeting toxins? I need an agent to kill all nerves in tissue preps.

A: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02) should be perfect for this application. We recommend you examine your neurons with OX-7 antibody to see if they are positive. The only complication would be if you want to look at T-lymphocytes that also express Thy 1.

Related Product: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)

Rance NE, Mittelman-Smith MA, Krajewski-Hall SJ (2012) Featured Article: Use of a novel saporin conjugate (NK3-SAP) to study the function of neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3r)-expressing kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus. Targeting Trends 13(2)

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Mittelman-Smith MA et al. Arcuate Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin (KNDy) Neurons Mediate the Estrogen Suppression of Gonadotropin Secretion and Body Weight. Endocrinology 153(6):2800-2812 , 2012 .

Ye Y, Dang D, Viet CT, Dolan JC, Schmidt BL (2012) Analgesia targeting IB4-positive neurons in cancer-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. J Pain 13(6):524-531. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.01.006

Summary: DOR (δ opioid receptor) agonists produce minimal side effects and do not lead to tolerance, making them potential alternatives to the widely used μ opioid receptor agonists. Utilizing the fact that DOR’s are expressed by IB4-positive neurons, the authors injected the subarachnoid space between the L4 and L5 vertebrae of rats with 2.4 μg of IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10). 3 μg of saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The results indicate that pharmacological agents targeting IB4-positive neurons may have use in cancer pain treatment.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Kruger HS, Hanganu-Opatz IL (2013) Neonatal cholinergic lesion alters the acoustic structure of infant rat vocalization but not the early cognitive development. Dev Psychobiol 55(3):294-308. doi: 10.1002/dev.21029

Summary: The architecture of the cerebral cortex is dependent on cholinergic innervations for proper maturation and network assembly. The authors administered 0.1 μg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) to each lateral ventricle of rats on the day of birth. Although the resulting cholinergic depletion did not affect the general development of the rats during the first two weeks of life, infant ultrasonic vocalization was significantly affected. The altered vocalization did not affect maternal care of the pup, suggesting that previous results recording behavioral deficits in the pups after basal forebrain lesions were due to cholinergic depletion rather than altered mother-pup interaction.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Lin LH, Nitschke Dragon D, Talman WT (2012) Collateral damage and compensatory changes after injection of a toxin targeting neurons with the neurokinin-1 receptor in the nucleus tractus solitarii of rat. J Chem Neuroanat 43(2):141-148. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.02.001

Summary: Loss of substance P receptor (SPR)-expressing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) results in reduced baroreflex strength and unstable arterial pressure. The neuronal population expressing the SPR also expresses several other types of receptors – such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and aalpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic (AMPA) receptors. The authors administered 9 ng of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) into the NTS and looked for differences in the expression of NMDA and AMPA receptors, as well as several different transporters and neuronal markers. he data suggest that the pathological effects of SSP-SAP lesions result from disruption of other neurotransmission systems than those using the SPR.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Lowrance S, Matchynski J, Rossignol J, Dekorver N, Sandstrom M, Dunbar G (2012) CXB-909 attenuates cognitive deficits in the mu-p-75 saporin mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience & Medicine 3(1):65-68. doi: 10.4236/nm.2012.31010

Summary: CXB-909 is a small molecule NGF amplifier that has been shown to enhance neurite outgrowth in various neuronal cell lines. This type of molecule has potential therapeutic use in disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. In this work the authors lesioned cholinergic cells in the basal forebrain of mice with bilateral 0.8 μg intracerebroventricular injections of mup75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16). Lesioned animals performed significantly worse than controls in a water maze task. Lesioned animals subsequently treated with CXB-909 displayed improved performance, indicating that CXB-909 can attenuate memory deficits caused by loss of cholinergic input.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Kanju PM, Parameshwaran K, Sims-Robinson C, Uthayathas S, Josephson EM, Rajakumar N, Dhanasekaran M, Suppiramaniam V (2012) Selective cholinergic depletion in medial septum leads to impaired long term potentiation and glutamatergic synaptic currents in the hippocampus. PLoS One 7(2):e31073. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031073

Summary: Long term potentiation (LTP) is dependent on excitatory neurotransmission in the hippocampus, which plays a major role in learning and memory. The authors examine whether cholinergic lesions in the medial septum result in LTP alteration or affect synaptic glutamate receptor subtypes. After bilateral administration of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01, 50 ng per injection) into the medial septum of rats, hippocampal slices were made and the LTP of the slices was measured. The data show modulation of medial septal LTP and hippocampal glutaminergic currents by cholinergic afferents.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Han N, Zu JY, Chai J (2012) Spinal bombesin-recognized neurones mediate more nonhistaminergic than histaminergic sensation of itch in mice. Clin Exp Dermatol 37(3):290-295. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04314.x

Summary: The authors administered 400 ng of Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40) to the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space of rats and evaluated the distribution of Fos-positive cells in the dorsal horn after stimulation. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The results demonstrate that the neurons eliminated by Bombesin-SAP are critical to both acute and chronic itch pathways, although they have more effect on nonhistaminergic sensation.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)