targeted-toxins

Kruger HS, Hanganu-Opatz IL (2013) Neonatal cholinergic lesion alters the acoustic structure of infant rat vocalization but not the early cognitive development. Dev Psychobiol 55(3):294-308. doi: 10.1002/dev.21029

Summary: The architecture of the cerebral cortex is dependent on cholinergic innervations for proper maturation and network assembly. The authors administered 0.1 μg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) to each lateral ventricle of rats on the day of birth. Although the resulting cholinergic depletion did not affect the general development of the rats during the first two weeks of life, infant ultrasonic vocalization was significantly affected. The altered vocalization did not affect maternal care of the pup, suggesting that previous results recording behavioral deficits in the pups after basal forebrain lesions were due to cholinergic depletion rather than altered mother-pup interaction.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Lin LH, Nitschke Dragon D, Talman WT (2012) Collateral damage and compensatory changes after injection of a toxin targeting neurons with the neurokinin-1 receptor in the nucleus tractus solitarii of rat. J Chem Neuroanat 43(2):141-148. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.02.001

Summary: Loss of substance P receptor (SPR)-expressing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) results in reduced baroreflex strength and unstable arterial pressure. The neuronal population expressing the SPR also expresses several other types of receptors – such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and aalpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic (AMPA) receptors. The authors administered 9 ng of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) into the NTS and looked for differences in the expression of NMDA and AMPA receptors, as well as several different transporters and neuronal markers. he data suggest that the pathological effects of SSP-SAP lesions result from disruption of other neurotransmission systems than those using the SPR.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Lowrance S, Matchynski J, Rossignol J, Dekorver N, Sandstrom M, Dunbar G (2012) CXB-909 attenuates cognitive deficits in the mu-p-75 saporin mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience & Medicine 3(1):65-68. doi: 10.4236/nm.2012.31010

Summary: CXB-909 is a small molecule NGF amplifier that has been shown to enhance neurite outgrowth in various neuronal cell lines. This type of molecule has potential therapeutic use in disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. In this work the authors lesioned cholinergic cells in the basal forebrain of mice with bilateral 0.8 μg intracerebroventricular injections of mup75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16). Lesioned animals performed significantly worse than controls in a water maze task. Lesioned animals subsequently treated with CXB-909 displayed improved performance, indicating that CXB-909 can attenuate memory deficits caused by loss of cholinergic input.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Kanju PM, Parameshwaran K, Sims-Robinson C, Uthayathas S, Josephson EM, Rajakumar N, Dhanasekaran M, Suppiramaniam V (2012) Selective cholinergic depletion in medial septum leads to impaired long term potentiation and glutamatergic synaptic currents in the hippocampus. PLoS One 7(2):e31073. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031073

Summary: Long term potentiation (LTP) is dependent on excitatory neurotransmission in the hippocampus, which plays a major role in learning and memory. The authors examine whether cholinergic lesions in the medial septum result in LTP alteration or affect synaptic glutamate receptor subtypes. After bilateral administration of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01, 50 ng per injection) into the medial septum of rats, hippocampal slices were made and the LTP of the slices was measured. The data show modulation of medial septal LTP and hippocampal glutaminergic currents by cholinergic afferents.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Han N, Zu JY, Chai J (2012) Spinal bombesin-recognized neurones mediate more nonhistaminergic than histaminergic sensation of itch in mice. Clin Exp Dermatol 37(3):290-295. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04314.x

Summary: The authors administered 400 ng of Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40) to the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space of rats and evaluated the distribution of Fos-positive cells in the dorsal horn after stimulation. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The results demonstrate that the neurons eliminated by Bombesin-SAP are critical to both acute and chronic itch pathways, although they have more effect on nonhistaminergic sensation.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Antonucci F, Alpár A, Kacza J, Caleo M, Verderio C, Giani A, Martens H, Chaudhry FA, Allegra M, Grosche J, Michalski D, Erck C, Hoffmann A, Harkany T, Matteoli M, Härtig W (2012) Cracking down on inhibition: Selective removal of GABAergic interneurons from hippocampal networks. J Neurosci 32(6):1989-2001. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2720-11.2012

Related Products: Anti-vGAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-71)

Kobets AJ (2012) Vector-mediated gene delivery to model striatal interneuron loss in sever tourette syndrome. Yale Univ School and Medicine Thesis.

Objective: Develop a viral-mediated gene delivery technique to selectively ablate striatal interneurons in mice to model the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome (TS).

Summary: The loss of striatal interneurons was speculated to play a role in TS. In order to model the pathophysiology of TS, the author used adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy to ablate striatal interneurons in mice and perform behavioral analyses. As a comparison tool to help strengthen the results, mice were also lesioned with Anti-ChAT-SAP (IT-42) to lesion neurons expressing choline acetyl-transferase, the same neurons affected by the gene therapy.

Usage: Anti-ChAT-SAP (IT-42) was unilaterally injected into the brain of wild type mice.

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)

Choi JI, Koehrn FJ, Sorkin LS (2012) Carrageenan induced phosphorylation of Akt is dependent on neurokinin-1 expressing neurons in the superficial dorsal horn. Mol Pain 8(1):4. doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-4 PMID: 22243518

Summary: In this work the authors administered 100 ng SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) into the intrathecal space of rats (saporin, Cat. #PR-01, was used as a control). Lesioned animals displayed decreased carrageenan-induced mechanical allodynia, and carrageenan-induced phosphorylation of Akt was blocked throughout the spinal cord gray matter. Anti-NK-1 (Cat. #AB-N33AP) was used for immunohistochemistry.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), NK-1 Receptor Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N33AP)

Tolner EA, Sheikh A, Yukin AY, Kaila K, Kanold PO (2012) Subplate neurons promote spindle bursts and thalamocortical patterning in the neonatal rat somatosensory cortex. J Neurosci 32(2):692-702. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1538-11.2012

Summary: Immature cortices in both human and rat have spontaneous activity associated with the maturation of cortical synapses and neuronal circuits. In order to investigate what cells are controlling these events the authors administered 400 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) to the S1 cortex hindlimb/forelimb area of rats. mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) and mouse-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) were used as controls. This lesion eliminates subplate neurons which results in a significant loss of evoked spindle burst activity.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Cai L, Gibbs RB, Johnson DA (2012) Recognition of novel objects and their location in rats with selective cholinergic lesion of the medial septum. Neurosci Lett 506(2):261-265. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.11.019

Summary: This work examined object recognition and object location recognition as specific components of memory. Rats received 0.22 μg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) infused into the medial septum followed by testing in novel object recognition (NOR) and object location recognition (OLR) models. Substantial decreases in choline acetyltransferase activity in the hippocampus and frontal cortex produced no difference in NOR but caused a significant impairment in OLR – highlighting the role that septo-hippocampal cholinergic projections play in OLR.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)