targeted-toxins

Salwa, LK (2021) Engrafted stem cell therapy for Alzheimer’s disease: A promising treatment strategy with clinical outcome. J Control Release 338:837-857. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.007

Objective: This review provides a detailed update on stem cell therapy (SCT) for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

Summary: What future holds for SCT in the treatment of AD is summarized

Usage: Liu et al. injected 1.5 μg of mu p75-SAP into the medial septum.

See: Liu Y et al. Medial ganglionic eminence-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells correct learning and memory deficits. Nat Biotechnol 31(5):440-447, 2013.

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Berthoud HR, Morrison CD, Ackroff K, Sclafani A (2021) Learning of food preferences: mechanisms and implications for obesity & metabolic diseases. Int J Obes (Lond) 45(10):2156-2168. doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-00894-3

Objective: This review focuses on postoral nutrient sensing and signaling as an essential part of the reward system that shapes preferences for the associated flavors of foods.

Summary: There is a critical role for the vagal gut-to-brain axis in motivation and reward. An implication for obesity treatment is that bariatric surgery may alter vagal function.

Usage: Han et al. injected 0.5 µl of CCK-SAP (250 ng/µl) into the R-NG of VGlut2-ires-Cre mice.

See: Han W et al. A Neural Circuit for Gut-Induced Reward. Cell 175:665-678, 2018.

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)

Nobili L, Beniczky S, Eriksson SH, Romigi A, Ryvlin P, Toledo M, Rosenzweig I (2021) Expert Opinion: Managing sleep disturbances in people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 124:108341. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108341

Summary: The authors suggest that the dose and timing of antiepileptic medications and other co-medications should always be optimized in order to improve nocturnal sleep and avoid daytime sedation.

See: Hasegawa H et al. The subcortical belly of sleep: New possibilities in neuromodulation of basal ganglia?. Sleep Med Rev 52:101317, 2020.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Parent MB, Ferreira-Neto HC, Kruemmel AR, Althammer F, Patel AA, Keo S, Whitley KE, Cox DN, Stern JE (2021) Heart failure impairs mood and memory in male rats and down-regulates the expression of numerous genes important for synaptic plasticity in related brain regions. Behav Brain Res 414:113452. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113452

Objective: To assess the effects of heart failure (HF) on genetic markers of synaptic plasticity in brain areas critical for memory and mood, and to assess the effects of severely reduced ejection fraction (≤40 %) on cognition regulation.

Summary: Collectively, the present findings provide support for the growing consensus that HF is not only a neurohumoral cardiovascular problem but is also a disorder of mood and memory.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Dobryakova YV et al. Intracerebroventricular administration of 192IgG-saporin alters expression of microglia-associated genes in the dorsal but not ventral hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 10:429, 2018.
• Dobryakova YV et al. Cholinergic deficit induced by central administration of 192IgG-Saporin is associated with activation of microglia and cell loss in the dorsal hippocampus of rats. Front Neurosci 13:146, 2019.

Dobryakova YV, Zaichenko MI, Spivak YS, Stepanichev MY, Markevich VA, Bolshakov AP (2021) Overexpression of nerve growth factor in the hippocampus induces behavioral changes in rats with 192IgG-saporin-induced cholinergic deficit. Neurochem J 15:273-281. doi: 10.1134/S1819712421030028

Summary: Degeneration of septal cholinergic neurons caused by the immunotoxin 192-IgG-SAP produces a model of the pathological state that occurs in Alzheimer’s Disease. This study investigated whether overexpression of NGF in the hippocampus, where septal neurons send their projections, may reduce the consequences of this damage. Data suggest that NGF overexpression in the hippocampus of rats may partly compensate some 192 IgG-SAP-induced impairments related to cholinergic deficit.

Usage: 192-IgG-SAP or an equivalent volume of PBS (4 µg/site) was administered bilaterally into the ventricles.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Skulimowska I, Sosniak J, Gonka M, Szade A, Jozkowicz A, Szade K (2021) The biology of hematopoietic stem cells and its clinical implications. FEBS J 16192. doi: 10.1111/febs.16192

Objective: To review the opportunities and challenges of recent findings to improve the clinical use of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

Summary: The authors describe new methods of HSC mobilization and conditioning for transplantation and highlight research that may lead to solutions for the limitations of HSC transplantation

See: Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Related Products: Anti-CD117-SAP (Cat. #IT-83)

Wang YQ, Liu WY, Li L, Qu WM, Huang ZL (2021) Neural circuitry underlying REM sleep: A review of the literature and current concepts. Prog Neurobiol 204:102106. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102106

Summary: To investigate the role of the LC in sleep the authors injected 0.3 µl of 192-Saporin (Cat. IT-01) or anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) at 1 µg/µl. They also used 0.3 µl of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) at either 90 ng/µl or 60 ng/µl in a separate group of animals. The results indicate that orexin innervation to the pons plays a role in arousal from sleep.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

See Also:

• Blanco-Centurion C et al. Effects of hypocretin2-saporin and antidopamine-beta-hydroxylase-saporin neurotoxic lesions of the dorsolateral pons on sleep and muscle tone. Eur J Neurosci 19(10):2741-2752, 2004.

Soma S, Suematsu N, Sato AY, Tsunoda K, Bramian A, Reddy A, Takabatake K, Karube F, Fujiyama F, Shimegi S (2021) Acetylcholine from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis facilitates the retrieval of well-established memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 183:107484. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107484

Summary: The authors tested the effect of a cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, on the retrieval of memory after a long no-task period in extensively trained rats. The results suggest that acetylcholine released from the NBM contributes to the retrieval of well-established memory developed by a daily routine.

Usage: Cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) were lesioned with 192-IgG-SAP. NBM-lesioned rats showed severely impaired task initiation and performance. These abilities recovered as the trials progressed, though they never reached the level observed in rats with intact NBM. Saline with or without 192-IgG-SAP (0.3 μg in 1 μL, per site) was bilaterally injected into 2 sites of the NBM.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Duggan MR, Joshi S, Strupp J, Parikh V (2021) Chemogenetic inhibition of prefrontal projection neurons constrains top-down control of attention in young but not aged rats. Brain Struct Funct 226(7):2357-2373. doi: 10.1007/s00429-021-02336-2

Objective: To test the hypothesis that reduced PFC output would exert differential effects on attentional capacities in young and aged rats, with the latter exhibiting a more robust decline in performance.

Summary: There is a reduced efficiency of PFC-mediated top–down control of attention and cholinergic system in aging, and that activity of PFC output neurons does not reflect compensation in aged rats, at least in the attention domain.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Dalley JW et al. Cortical cholinergic function and deficits in visual attentional performance in rats following 192 IgG-Saporin-induced lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 14(8):922-932, 2004.
• Newman LA et al. Cholinergic deafferentation of prefrontal cortex increases sensitivity to cross-modal distractors during a sustained attention task. J Neurosci 28:2642-2650, 2008.
• Maddux JM et al. Dissociation of attention in learning and action: effects of lesions of the amygdala central nucleus, medial prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. Behav Neurosci 121(1):63-79, 2007.

Barrett MJ, Murphy JM, Zhang J, Blair JC, Flanigan JL, Nawaz H, Dalrymple WA, Sperling SA, Patrie J, Druzgal TJ (2021) Olfaction, cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration, and cognition in early Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 90:27-32. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.07.024

Summary: This study examined the relationship between olfaction, longitudinal change in cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei and their target regions, and cognition in early Parkinson’s Disease.

See: Linster C et al. Selective Loss of Cholinergic Neurons Projecting to the Olfactory System Increases Perceptual Generalization Between Similar, but Not Dissimilar, Odorants. Behav Neurosci 115(4):826-833, 2001.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)