targeted-toxins

Ujvári B, Pytel B, Márton Z, Bognár M, Kovács LÁ, Farkas J, Gaszner T, Berta G, Kecskés A, Kormos V, Farkas B, Füredi N, Gaszner B (2022) Neurodegeneration in the centrally-projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus contributes to the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease in the rat. J Neuroinflammation 19(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02399-w

Objective: To investigate whether neuron loss and alpha-synuclein accumulation in the urocortin 1 containing (UCN1) cells of the centrally-projecting Edinger-Westphal (EWcp) nucleus is associated with anxiety and depression-like state in the rat.

Summary: Neurodegeneration of urocortinergic EWcp contributes to the mood-related non-motor symptoms in toxic models of Parkinson’s disease in the rat.

Usage: Leptin-SAP or unconjugated Saporin (0.08 μl) was injected into the EWcp area. This selective ablation of UCN1 neurons was used to validate the depression-like phenotype in rats. Behavioral, functional–morphological, biochemical and histopathological tools were used to test the motor coordination, mood status as well as morphological changes in the brain.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47)

Barros JFF, Sant’Ana AMS, Dias LC, Murashima AAB, Silva LECMD, Fantucci MZ, Rocha EM (2022) Comparison of the effects of corneal and lacrimal gland denervation on the lacrimal functional unit of rats. Arq Bras Oftalmol 85(1):59-67. doi: 10.5935/0004-2749.20220008

Summary: This study compared the changes in the lacrimal functional unit in the following two models of neurogenic dry eye syndrome: sensory denervation of the cornea versus autonomic denervation of the lacrimal gland.

Usage: Rats received 2.5 μg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) directly into the left extraorbital lacrimal gland.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Aicher S et al. Denervation of the Lacrimal Gland Leads to Corneal Hypoalgesia in a Novel Rat Model of Aqueous Dry Eye Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56:6981-6989, 2015.

Hankerd K (2021) Female-specific mechanisms of nociplastic pain in murine model. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Dept Neuroscience Thesis.

Objective: To study nociplastic pain the authors developed a murine model in which postinjury thermal stimulation of injured area triggers the transition to a nociplastic pain state more readily in females.

Summary: Postinjury stimulation of an injured area triggers the transition from transient pain to nociplastic pain, females are more susceptible to this transition, and allyl isothiocyanate -sensitive afferents at the previously injured area maintain the nociplastic pain state in a female gonadal hormone-dependent manner.

Usage: Intrathecal injection of Mac-1-SAP (IT-06) 8.85 mM in mice.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

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Borkowski LF, Keilholz AN, Smith CL, Canda KA, Nichols NL (2021) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (ketoprofen) delivery differentially impacts phrenic long-term facilitation in rats with motor neuron death induced by intrapleural CTB-SAP injections. Exp Neurol 347:113892. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113892

Objective: To determine the effect of ketoprofen delivery on enhanced phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF)

Summary: pLTF was surprisingly attenuated in 7d CTB-SAP rats and enhanced in 28d CTB-SAP rats (both p < 0.05) following ketoprofen delivery.

Usage: Rats received bilateral intrapleural injections of CTB-SAP; 25 μg dissolved in PBS.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Sanna F, Bratzu J, Angioni L, Pina Sorighe M, Cocco C, Argiolas A, Melis MR (2021) Oxytocin-conjugated saporin injected into the substantia nigra of male rats alters the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: A behavioral and neurochemical study. Brain Res 1773:147705. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147705 PMID: 34744015

Objective: To investigate the effects of Oxytocin-SAP in the substantia nigra of male rats, and assess its impact on nigral Tyrosine Hydroxylase-immunoreactivity, dopamine content, locomotor activity, rotational turning, and striatal dopamine function.

Summary: Researchers investigated the effects of injecting oxytocin-conjugated Saporin into the substantia nigra of male rats. They found that this treatment led to changes in the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, as evidenced by alterations in behavior and neurochemical markers associated with dopamine function.

Usage: Oxytocin-SAP (60 ng/μl and 120 ng/μl) was injected unilaterally into the substantia nigra of male rats, respectively, compared to Blank-SAP.

Related Products: Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Thorsdottir DJ (2021) The role of BDNF-mediated neuroplasticity in cardiovascular regulation within the hypothalamus and brainstem. Univ Vermont, Dept Pharmacology 1387Thesis.

Summary: This PhD dissertation to determine the mechanism behind BDNF-mediated cardiovascular regulation.

Usage: Rats received bilateral NTS injections of vehicle or Anti-DBH-SAP, which selectively lesions catecholaminergic neurons. Treatment increased blood pressure in the GFP group but failed to affect blood pressure in the BDNF group.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Li Y, Hollis E (2021) Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons selectively drive coordinated motor learning in mice. J Neurosci 41(49):10148-10160. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1152-21.2021 PMID: 34750228

Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N01AP), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Bortz J, Klatt KC, Wallace TC (2021) Perspective: Estrogen and the risk of cognitive decline: a missing choline(rgic) link?. Adv Nutr 13(2):376-387. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab145

Objective: Explore the relationship between cognitive aging and sex hormones, the cholinergic system, and choline as an essential nutrient.

Summary: This perspective identifies numerous areas for future preclinical and clinical research, highlighting the need for randomized controlled trials in postmenopausal women to assess the impact of choline supplementation on cognitive decline, with appropriate consideration of the estrogen availability, critical windows, dose, and PEMT genotype.

Usage: The authors reference a publication about the effects of estrogen on cognitive improvements where 192-IgG-SAP was used as a specific cholinergic system lesioning tool.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Gibbs RB Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are necessary for estrogen to enhance acquisition of a delayed matching-to-position T-maze task. Horm Behav 42(3):245-257, 2002.
• Gibbs RB et al. Donepezil plus estradiol treatment enhances learning and delay-dependent memory performance by young ovariectomized rats with partial loss of septal cholinergic neurons. Horm Behav 59(4):503-511, 2011.

Kunimura K, Fukui Y (2021) The molecular basis for IL-31 production and IL-31-mediated itch transmission: from biology to drug development. Int Immunol 33(12):731-736. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxab065

Objective: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of how IL-31 is produced in helper T cells upon stimulation and transmits the itch sensation to the brain.

Summary: This review highlights recent findings that show the functional significance of endothelial PAS domain 1 (EPAS1) and neurokinin B (NKB) in the IL-31-induced itch sensation.

Usage: Neurons expressing the Nppb receptor were specifically ablated by intrathecal injection of Nppb-SAP. Treatment with Bombesin-SAP reduced IL-31-induced scratching.

See: Sakata D et al. Selective role of neurokinin B in IL-31–induced itch response in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 144(4):1130-1133, 2019.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)

Dobryakova YV, Spivak YS, Zaichenko MI, Koryagina AA, Markevich VA, Stepanichev MY, Bolshakov AP (2021) Intrahippocampal adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor reverses 192IgG-saporin-induced impairments of hippocampal plasticity and behavior. Front Neurosci 15:745050. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.745050

Objective: Determine any beneficial effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus of rats with cholinergic loss.

Summary: 192-IgG-SAP was used to induce a rat animal model of cholinergic deficit. The authors concluded that NGF overexpression in the hippocampus after cholinergic loss induces beneficiall effects which are not related to maintenance of cholinergic function.

Usage: 1.5 mg of 192-IgG-SAP was injected into the medial septum area.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)