targeted-toxins

Hawkes C, Kabogo D, Amritraj A, Kar S (2006) Up-regulation of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and endosomal-lysosomal markers in surviving neurons after 192-IgG-saporin administrations into the adult rat brain. Am J Pathol 169(4):1140-1154. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.051208

Summary: The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) plays a major role in the endosomal-lysosomal (EL) system. One of the tasks carried out by the EL system is clearance of abnormal proteins after injury. By administering 2.0 µg bilateral injections of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) to rats, the researchers were able to increase CI-MPR expression levels, as well as other EL markers in response to the lesion. The upregulation of EL components suggests that the EL system may be able to repair neuronal abnormalities induced by injury.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Marcos B, Gil-Bea FJ, Hirst WD, Garcia-Alloza M, Ramirez MJ (2006) Lack of localization of 5-HT6 receptors on cholinergic neurons: implication of multiple neurotransmitter systems in 5-HT6 receptor-mediated acetylcholine release. Eur J Neurosci 24(5):1299-1306. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05003.x

Summary: The authors investigated a potential link between 5-HT6 receptors, cholinergic activity, and learning. After 0.067 µg of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) was injected into each hemisphere of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in the basal forebrain of rats, 5-HT6 receptor mRNA and protein expression were measured. Results demonstrate the involvement of multiple neurotransmitter systems in neurochemical actions following 5-HT6 receptor blockade.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Castro AR, Pinto M, Lima D, Tavares I (2006) Secondary hyperalgesia in the monoarthritic rat is mediated by GABA(B) and NK1 receptors of spinal dorsal horn neurons: A behavior and c-fos study. Neuroscience 141(4):2087-2095. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.048

Summary: Hallmarks of secondary hyperalgesia in a rat model of monoarthritic pain are: decreased activation of GABA(B) neurons, and increased activation of NK1r neurons. Using 10-µl injections of 1-µM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) into T(13)-L(1) the workers looked at the role of each receptor. Pain thresholds increased after treatment with SP-SAP or baclofen, a selective GABA(B) receptor agonist. Fos immunoreactivity was also decreased in treated animals, indicating that both GABA(B) and NK1r are involved in secondary hyperalgesia.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07)

Scattoni ML, Adriani W, Calamandrei G, Laviola G, Ricceri L (2006) Long-term effects of neonatal basal forebrain cholinergic lesions on radial maze learning and impulsivity in rats. Behav Pharmacol 17(5-6):517-524. doi: 10.1097/00008877-200609000-00018

Summary: Work in the last decade has focused on clarifying the role of cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. 7 day-old rats received 0.21 µg of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) administered to the third ventricle, and were tested at 5 months of age in delay tolerance and a radial maze. Test results suggest that prolonged basal forebrain cholinergic hypofunction is detectable only when using highly complex tasks.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Rygh LJ, Suzuki R, Rahman W, Wong Y, Vonsy JL, Sandhu H, Webber M, Hunt S, Dickenson AH (2006) Local and descending circuits regulate long-term potentiation and zif268 expression in spinal neurons. Eur J Neurosci 24(3):761-772. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04968.x

Summary: Long-term potentiation (LTP) has been shown to occur in sensory areas of the spinal cord. This modification of synaptic strength may be one of the mechanisms by which acute pain is transformed into chronic pain. 10 µl of 1-µM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) or control saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was injected into the subarachnoid space (L4-L5) of rats. Using electrophysiological recording, immunohistochemistry, behavioral assessment, and antisense experiments, the authors demonstrate that dorsal horn neuron generation of LTP may transform acute pain into chronic pain.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Nattie E, Li A (2006) Neurokinin-1 receptor expressing neurons in the ventral medulla are essential for normal central and peripheral chemoreception in the conscious rat. J Appl Physiol 101(6):1596-1606. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00347.2006

Summary: All known chemoreceptor sites in the mammalian brainstem are rich in the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1r). The authors ask if these cells scattered throughout the ventral medulla are involved in central and peripheral chemoreception. Rats received 250-280 ng of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) into the cisterna magna, mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The results indicate that NK1r neurons in the ventral medulla are involved in both central and peripheral chemoreception, during both waking and sleep states.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Zhu JP, Xu W, Angulo JA (2006) Distinct mechanisms mediating methamphetamine-induced neuronal apoptosis and dopamine terminal damage share the neuropeptide substance p in the striatum of mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1074:135-148. doi: 10.1196/annals.1369.013 PMID: 17105911

Objective: To investigate the mechanism by which substance P mediates METH-induced damage.

Summary: The authors propose that substance P mediates the apoptosis of some striatal neurons via the intrastriatal activation of nitric oxide synthesis. Substance P may also mediate damage of the dopamine terminals via an extrastriatal mechanism involving the substantia nigra and cortical glutamate release.

Usage: Mice were given intrastriatal injections of SSP-SAP (4ng/mcl). Saporin was used as control.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Blanco-Centurion C, Xu M, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Gerashchenko D, Shiromani AM, Salin-Pascual RJ, Hof PR,Shiromani PJ (2006) Adenosine and sleep homeostasis in the basal forebrain. J Neurosci 26(31):8092-8100. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2181-06.2006

Summary: It has been shown that adenosine induces sleep and levels of adenosine increase during times of wakefulness. The authors investigated whether basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are involved in adenosine regulation of sleep. 6 µg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) was administered to the lateral ventricle of rats. In treated animals, adenosine levels did not increase with prolonged waking. The treated animals did, however, retain intact sleep drive.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Vera-Portocarrero LP, Zhang ET, Ossipov MH, Xie JY, King T, Lai J, Porreca F (2006) Descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla maintains nerve injury-induced central sensitization. Neuroscience 140(4):1311-1320. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.03.016

Summary: Rats were treated with 1.5 pmol of dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) or saporin (Cat. #PR-01) into each side of the rostral ventromedila medulla, followed by spinal nerve ligation. The data indicate that mu opioid-expresing neurons are necessary to maintain nerve injury-induced central sensitization.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Ledri M, Cusulin C, Novati A, Aztiria E, Leanza G (2006) Selective cholinergic immunolesioning in alpha7 nAChR KO mice: Anatomical, neurochemical and functional effects. FENS 2006 Abstracts 3:A1610.10. Federation of European Neuroscience Societies, Vienna, Austria.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)