targeted-toxins

Ljubojevic V, Luu P, De Rosa E (2011) The role of cholinergic cortical modulation in visual and olfactory attention using the 5-Choice serial reaction time task. IBRO 2011 Abstracts International Brain Research Organization, Florence, Italy.

Summary: After successful acquisition of both visual and olfactory task, the rats were subjected to either a cholinergic immunotoxic or sham lesion surgery of the NBM. Cholinergic deafferentation of the neocortical mantle was induced by bilaterally infusing the cholinergic immunotoxin, 192 IgG-saporin, into the NBM (0.2 μl of 0.2 μg/μl per site; two sites per hemisphere).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Reynolds J, Bilsky EJ, Meng ID (2011) Selective ablation of mu-opioid receptor expressing neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla attenuates stress-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Life Sci 89(9-10):313-9. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.06.024

Summary: Animals have been shown to develop hyperalgesia in response to chronic stress. Recent data has implicated the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) in this process. In order to clarify what role mu-opioid receptor expressing neurons in the RVM play in rat, the authors injected 1.8 pmol of dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) into the RVM. The rats were then subjected to a model designed to produce hypersensitivity in the hind paw. Stress-induced behavior did not change in the lesioned animals, but mechanical hypersensitivity was reduced.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)

Q: I am using your Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40) to kill GRP-receptor in mouse brain. I have a plan to inject it by iontophoresis. Do you know which charge dose Bombesin-SAP and Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) have; plus charge or negative charge?

A: Both of these products will have a negative charge, though you may have to look into the literature for any needed guidance on dosing with that type of delivery.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Luo T, Leung LS (2011) Involvement of tuberomamillary histaminergic neurons in isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 115(1):36-43. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182207655

Summary: Although previous studies indicate that histaminergic neurotransmission may mediate reaction to general anesthesia, it is not clear whether the histominergic tuberomammilary nucleus (TMN) is involved. Rats received 250-ng infusions of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the TMN after which the righting reflex was assessed for several anesthetics. Loss of histaminergic neurons in the TMN only altered the effect of isoflurane – suggesting that the neural circuits involved in isoflurane anesthesia are different than circuits affected by propofol, pentobarbital, and ketamine.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Gelfo F, Tirassa P, De Bartolo P, Caltagirone C, Petrosini L, Angelucci F (2011) Brain and serum levels of nerve growth factor in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 25(2):213-217. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-110047 PMID: 21368378

Objective: Using nerve growth factor (NGF) as a marker of disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease using cholinergic depletion animal models.

Summary: Different Alzheimer’s disease stages show different levels of NGF present in the brain. 192-IgG-SAP was used to deplete the cholinergic neurons in rats the same way as Alzheimer’s does in humans. NGF levels were measured by ELISA 3, 7, and 15 days after injection and a disease progression correlation with NGF was constructed.

Usage: 2 µL/side of immunotoxin 192 IgG-SAP (IT-01) diluted in PBS (2 µg/µL) was bilaterally injected into lateral ventricles (rate: 1 µL/min).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Radley JJ, Sawchenko PE (2011) A common substrate for prefrontal and hippocampal inhibition of the neuroendocrine stress response. J Neurosci 31(26):9683-95. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6040-10.2011

Summary: In order to better understand how response to emotional stress is regulated, the authors injected 114 ng of GAT-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32) into each side of the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The results suggest that medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampal formation influences on stress regulation use the same access to modulate emotional stress rather than having parallel networks.

Related Products: GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

St Peters M, Demeter E, Lustig C, Bruno JP, Sarter M (2011) Enhanced control of attention by stimulating mesolimbic-corticopetal cholinergic circuitry. J Neurosci 31(26):9760-9771. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1902-11.2011

Summary: Motivation and attention interact to preserve cognitive performance under challenging conditions. In order to better define the circuitry connecting these two processes, the authors lesioned the prefrontal cortex (200 ng of 192-IgG-SAP, Cat. #IT-01) and the posterior parietal cortex (280 ng of 192-IgG-SAP). Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The data indicate that cholinergic projections to the cortex modulate detection of clues and filtering of distractors during attentional tasks, accentuating cognitive control.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Bartness TJ, Keen-Rhinehart E, Dailey MJ, Teubner BJ (2011) Neural and hormonal control of food hoarding. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301(3):R641-R655. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00137.2011

Summary: Hoarding of food is a commonly found behavior in humans and animals. This review discusses the neuronal and hormonal processes involved in the control of food hoarding. Several aspects of food hoarding are examined, including the role of food deprivation, environment, levels of hormones like leptin, ghrelin, and levels of peptides such as cholecystokinin. One experiment discussed injected NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28) into the arcuate nucleus of rats, which changed food hoarding responses to deprivation.

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28)

Angelucci F, Gelfo F, De Bartolo P, Caltagirone C, Petrosini L (2011) BDNF concentrations are decreased in serum and parietal cortex in immunotoxin 192 IgG-Saporin rat model of cholinergic degeneration. Neurochem Int 59(1):1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.04.010

Summary: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a role in neuronal function during the degeneration of neurons caused by pathological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. In order to investigate the relationship between brain and serum BDNF levels the authors administered 2 µg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into each lateral ventricle of rats and measured brain and serum BDNF levels by ELISA. It was found that BDNF levels dropped in lesioned animals, but not until 15 days post surgery.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Lee S, Craddock Z, Rivier C (2011) Brain stem catecholamines circuitry: Activation by alcohol and role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to this drug. J Neuroendocrinol 23(6):531-541. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02131.x

Summary: In this work the authors investigated mechanisms underlying the stimulatory effect of alcohol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). One method used was 33-ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the A2/C2/C3 and A1/C1 regions. The data generated show that catecholamines, especially in the brainstem, regulate the HPA response to alcohol. This regulation utilizes α1-adrenergic receptors. Administration of anti-DBH-SAP to the A1-A2/C1-C3 regions disrupted the catecholaminergic input to the paraventricular nucleus.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)