targeted-toxins

Wiater MF, Mukherjee S, Li AJ, Dinh TT, Rooney EM, Simasko SM, Ritter S (2011) Circadian integration of sleep-wake and feeding requires NPY receptor-expressing neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301(5):R1569-R1583. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00168.2011 PMID: 21880863

Summary: Feeding and sleep/wake states interact rhythmically across the circadian cycle. It is suspected that the mediobasal hypothalamic area (MBH) is the site where these rhythms are integrated. The authors administered bilateral 24-ng injections of NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28) into the arcuate nucleus in order to eliminate NPY receptor-expressing neurons in the MBH of rats. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The results indicate that these neurons are required for the interaction of feeding and sleep/wake timing.

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

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Lemons LL, Wiley RG (2011) Galanin receptor-expressing dorsal horn neurons: role in nociception. Neuropeptides 45(6):377-383. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.08.002

Summary: This work examines the mociceptive role of galanin receptor-1-expressing neurons found in the superficial dorsal horn. 500 ng of galanin-SAP (Cat. #IT-34) was injected into the lumbar intrathecal space of rats; blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The rats were then tested in a series of thermal nociception models. Lesioned animals were less sensitive to heat, suggesting that loss of the gal1r-expressing excitatory interneurons disrupted the pain transmission pathway.

Related Products: Galanin-SAP (Cat. #IT-34), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Ritter S, Li AJ, Wang Q, Dinh TT (2011) Minireview: The value of looking backward: the essential role of the hindbrain in counterregulatory responses to glucose deficit. Endocrinology 152(11):4019-4032. doi: 10.1210/en.2010-1458

Summary: This review examines work addressing how particular glucose-sensing cells function in glucoregulation under specific physiological or pathological conditions. There are specific populations of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) neurons in the hindbrain that mediate these responses. The use of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) to eliminate selective NE/E subgroups without disrupting basic functions is discussed.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Jeong DU, Chang WS, Hwang YS, Lee D, Chang JW (2011) Decrease of GABAergic Markers and Arc Protein Expression in the Frontal Cortex by Intraventricular 192 IgG-Saporin. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 32(1):70-78. doi: 10.1159/000330741

Summary: The authors examined the use of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) to establish a standardized model for dementia. Rats received several different doses of toxin in bilateral intraventricular injections. This injection method resulted in reliable memory impairment in a behavioral test, decreased GABAergic activity in the frontal cortex affecting spatial memory, and no change in the hippocampus. Using this technique, 8 µg of 192-IgG-SAP produced the optimal memory impairment.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Klinkenberg I, Sambeth A, Blokland A (2011) Acetylcholine and attention. Behav Brain Res 221(2):430-442. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.033

Summary: This review article summarizes studies investigating the role of acetylcholine in attention and cognition. The roles of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) and mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) in these experiments is discussed. Acetylcholine is thought to play a top-down role in the prefrontal, parietal, and somatosensory regions; playing an important role in the control of attentional orienting and stimulus discrimination.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Jeffry J, Kim S, Chen ZF (2011) Itch signaling in the nervous system. Physiology (Bethesda) 26(4):286-92. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00007.2011

Summary: This review examines recent work done to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the sensation of itch. The progress of mouse genetics has allowed the field to move beyond clinical and physiological studies, toward a better understanding of the signaling involved in nonhistaminergic itch. One study discussed used bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40) in mice to ablate GRPR-positive neurons in the dorsal horn. This lesion reduced scratching in response to pruritogens, but did not affect pain behavior‚ indicating that pain and itch use entirely different pathways.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)

Burke PG, Neale J, Korim WS, McMullan S, Goodchild AK (2011) Patterning of somatosympathetic reflexes reveals nonuniform organization of presympathetic drive from C1 and non-C1 RVLM neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301(4):R1112-R1122. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00131.2011

Summary: Some neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla are part of the circuitry that helps maintain blood pressure. This control is exerted through both feed-forward and reflex adjustment mechanisms. The authors used bilateral injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03, 24 ng per side) into the spinal cord of rats between T1 and T2 to better understand the organization of this circuitry. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The results suggest that myelinated neurons may control baseline tone, while stressor response uses unmyelinated neurons.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Bajo Lorenzana VM Leach ND, Cordery PM, Nodal FR, King AJ (2011) The cholinergic basal forebrain in the ferret and its inputs to the auditory cortex. IBRO 2011 Abstracts International Brain Research Organization, Florence, Italy.

Summary: Projections from the NB to the auditory cortex were investigated by injecting tracers into the NB itself (n=5), or by applying tracer deposits to the surface of the auditory cortex (n=4). Tracers included Rhodamine, Fluorescein, Cascade Blue, as well as the cholinergic immunotoxin ME20.4-SAP. Both ME20.4-SAP injections in the auditory cortex and epipial tracer deposits revealed that NB provides the main cholinergic input to the cortex, and that this projection is predominantly ipsilateral.

Related Products: ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15)

Gulino R, Gulisano M (2011) A central role for BDNF and Sonic Hedgehog in controlling synaptic plasticity in motoneuron-depleted spinal cord. IBRO 2011 Abstracts International Brain Research Organization, Florence, Italy.

Summary: Here, we measured the expression levels of several proteins involved in synaptic plasticity and motoneuronal function (ChAT, Synapsin-I, Shh, Notch-1, AMPA receptor subunits, NMDA receptor and BDNF) in a mouse SC lesion model obtained by intramuscular injection of Cholera toxin-B-saporin, which selectively kills motoneurons

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Roach EB, Hussain Shuler MG (2011) Cholinergic denervation disrupts temporal learning in rodent visual cortex. IBRO 2011 Abstracts International Brain Research Organization, Florence, Italy.

Summary: Local cholinergic terminals were removed using the selective neurotoxin 192 IgG-saporin between contingency reversal. This manipulation tested the necessity of cholinergic innervation in two key processes: expressing previously learned reward timing and shifting reward timing to new behaviorally relevant intervals.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)