targeted-toxins

I’anson H, Jethwa PH, Warner A, Ebling FJ (2011) Histaminergic regulation of seasonal metabolic rhythms in Siberian hamsters. Physiol Behav 103(3-4):268-278. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.035

Summary: The role of central histaminergic mechanisms on seasonal catabolic state was investigated in hamsters. Siberian hamsters received bilateral 3.8-ng injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the tuberomammillary posterior hypothalamic region. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. During long days, lesioned animals displayed higher locomotor activity, greater oxygen intake, and no net weight gain. During shorter days (hibernation) with less activity, lesioned animals did not lose weight. The data indicate that histaminergic neurons are involved in body weight regulation.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

King T, Qu C, Okun A, Mercado R, Ren J, Brion T, Lai J, Porreca F (2011) Contribution of afferent pathways to nerve injury-induced spontaneous pain and evoked hypersensitivity. Pain 152(9):1997-2005. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.04.020

Summary: Whether exaggerated pain response to a normally innocuous tactile stimulus should be defined as allodynia has been debated. Through the use of several techniques, one of which was intrathecal injection of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11, 16.5 pg), the authors examined which pathways were utilized in this type of pain. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The data indicate that tactile stimulation may reflect a different pain state than allodynia.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

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Wilkinson KA, Fu Z, Powell FL (2011) Ventilatory effects of substance P-saporin lesions in the nucleus tractus solitarii of chronically hypoxic rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301(2):R343-R350. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00375.2010

Summary: Interaction of the multiple brainstem areas that have been established as CO2-sensitive is not well understood. In order to investigate chemoreceptor roles in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) the authors injected 2.6 ng of SP-SAP (alternative: SSP-SAP; Cat. #IT-11) into the caudal NTS of rats. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The results indicate that neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing cells in the NTS contribute to plasticity during chronic hypoxia.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Antonini V, Marrazzo A, Kleiner G, Coradazzi M, Ronsisvalle S, Prezzavento O, Ronsisvalle G, Leanza G (2011) Anti-amnesic and neuroprotective actions of the sigma-1 receptor agonist (-)-MR22 in rats with selective cholinergic lesion and amyloid infusion. J Alzheimers Dis 24(3):569-586. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-101794 PMID: 21297260

Summary: Sigma-1 receptor agonists such as (-)-MR22 are potential therapeutic drugs for the treatment of cognitive and affective disorders. To model a cognitive disorder, rats received 81-ng bilateral injections of 192- IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca, and 130-ng bilateral injections into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Lesioned animals also were treated with pre- aggregated amyloid peptide. Pretreatment with (-)-MR22 reversed cognitive impairments in the double-lesioned animals, indicating the potential use of sigma-1 receptor agonists as protective agents.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Tai SK, Ma J, Ossenkopp KP, Leung LS (2012) Activation of immobility-related hippocampal theta by cholinergic septohippocampal neurons during vestibular stimulation. Hippocampus 22(4):914-925 . doi: 10.1002/hipo.20955

Summary: The vestibular system is highly involved with spatial navigation and memory. It is thought that modulation of hippocampal function by the vestibular system is mediated by a hippocampal theta rhythm. Rats received 140 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) infused into the medial septum, followed by measurement of hippocampal EEG’s and evoked potentials. Theta was attenuated in rats receiving the lesion, as well as other changes that suggest the importance of septohippocampal cholinergic activity in sensorimotor processing and spatial memory.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Ancheta LR, Lappi DA (2011) Basigin-2 (EMMPRIN), a prognostic marker, is a dynamic portal of entry into cancer cells. Cancer Res 71(8):5218. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL. doi: 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5218

Related Products: Anti-Basigin2-SAP (Cat. #IT-54)

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Sorkin LS, Choi JI, Koehrn FJ (2011) Featured Article: Carrageenan evoked P-Akt in deep dorsal horn neurons is prevented by loss of neurokinin1 positive neurons in superficial dorsal horn. Targeting Trends 12(2)

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Sorkin LS et al. Carageenan evoked P-Akt in deep dorsal horn neurons is prevented by loss of neurokinin1 positive neurons in superficial dorsal horn. Neuroscience 2010 Abstracts 81.21/VV19, 2010. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA

Fuller P, Sherman D, Pedersen NP, Saper CB, Lu J (2011) Reassessment of the structural basis of the ascending arousal system. J Comp Neurol 519(5):933-956. doi: 10.1002/cne.22559

Summary: Traditional thought has been that electroencephalogram activity is mainly generated by the thalamo-cortical system. In this work the authors investigated the effects of basal forebrain lesions on various measurements of wakefulness. Rats received 4 50 ng injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the basal forebrain. The effects of these lesions showed that the parabrachial nucleus/precoeruleus region projection relayed by the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex plays a critical role in behavioral and electrocortical arousal.

Usage: Lesions of the basal forebrain were done by injecting a 0.1% solution of either 192-IgG-SAP or Orexin-SAP at four different sites.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Laplante F, Lappi DA, Sullivan RM (2011) Cholinergic depletion in the nucleus accumbens: Effects on amphetamine response and sensorimotor gating. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(2):501-509. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.005

Summary: Disruption of dopamine and acetylcholine balance in the striatum may play a role in conditions such as Parkinson’s and schizophrenia. In this work the authors lesioned cholinergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc) with the novel toxin Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42). Rats received 0.25-µg bilateral injections of the toxin into the N.Acc. Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35) was used as a control. The results of this lesion produced responses that may parallel the loss of cholinergic neurons seen in schizophrenia.

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Hernandez-Melesio MA, Gonzalez-Esquivel D, Ortiz-Plata A, Sanchez-Mendoza A, Sanchez-Garcia A, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Rios C, Perez-Severiano F (2011) Molsidomine modulates the cNOS activity in an experimental model of cholinergic damage induced by 192-IgG saporin. Neurosci Lett 491(2):133-137. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.023

Summary: Nitric oxide (NO) is required for the survival of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. Delivery of nerve growth factor (NGF) is related to the modulation of NO – as excessive NO can lead to excitotoxicity. The authors administered molsidomine to rats that had previously received 220 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the medial septum. Molsidomine is a NO donator, and produced a significant recovery of NO activity in lesioned animals, indicating a potential therapeutic pathway.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)