References

Tan HL, Yong C, Tan BZ, Fong WJ, Padmanabhan J, Chin A, Ding V, Lau A, Zheng L, Bi X, Yang Y, Choo A (2018) Conservation of oncofetal antigens on human embryonic stem cells enables discovery of monoclonal antibodies against cancer. Sci Rep 8:11608. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30070-z

Objective: To identify and characterize an antibody raised using human embryonic stem cells with potential as a cancer therapeutic.

Summary: Antibody A19 not only binds to undifferentiated hESCs by flow cytometry, it also reacts with ovarian and breast cancer cell lines with low or no binding to normal cells.

Usage: in vitro – Number of viable cells treated showed a decrease in cell number (Hum-ZAP mixed with A19; Streptavidin-ZAP mixed with biotinylated A19). To determine if there were off-target effects, Hum-ZAP and chA19 were incubated with a non-binding cell line OVCAR10; no apparent cytotoxicity was observed. invivo – 5 x 106 SKOV3 cells were implanted s.c. in NUDE mice and Biotinylated A19-Streptavidin-ZAP (ADC), administered ip. The controls were free Saporin and naked A19. By the end of 10 weeks, mice administered with the ADC saw a 60% reduction in tumor size compared to control groups.

Related Products: Hum-ZAP (Cat. #IT-22), Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Li J, Rao D, Gibbs RB (2018) Effects of cholinergic lesions and cholinesterase inhibitors on aromatase and estrogen receptor expression in different regions of the rat brain. Neurosci 384:203-213. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.033

Objective: To determine if effects of cholinergic inputs on synaptic plasticity and neuronal function are mediated by effects on local estrogen production or ER expression. 

Summary: Selectively destroying cholinergic projections to the hippocampus had little effect on ARO and ER expression in many regions of the rat brain.

Usage: Rats received intraseptal injections of 2.0 ml (0.2 mg/ml) or icv injections of 0.4 mcg.  Lesions resulted in loss of ChAT-positive cells in the septum, and ChAT activity in the hippocampus.  Septal infusions eliminated most of the ChAT-IR cells in MS; ChAT activity in hippocampus also significantly decreased.  ChAT activity in the frontal cortex was not significantly affected.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Holschbach MA, Vitale EM, Lonstein JS (2018) Serotonin-specific lesions of the dorsal raphe disrupt maternal aggression and caregiving in postpartum rats. Behav Brain Res 348:53-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.008

Objective: To determine the effects of behavioral modifications associated with early motherhood by permanently disrupting serotonin signaling at one of its primary sources, the dorsal raphe (DR).

Summary: Prepartum serotonin-specific lesions of the DRdm impaired maternal aggression. Larger postpartum DR serotonin lesions affected both aggression and caregiving. DR serotonin lesions did not affect postpartum anxiety.

Usage: 1 μL of 0.1M anti-SERT-SAP or control Mouse IgG-SAP was slowly infused into the DR.

Related Products: Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Ueki Y, Shchepetkina V, Lefcort F (2018) Retina-specific loss of Ikbkap/Elp1 causes mitochondrial dysfunction that leads to selective retinal ganglion cell degeneration in a mouse model of familial dysautonomia. Dis Model Mech 11(7):dmm033746. doi: 10.1242/dmm.033746 PMID: 29929962

Objective: To determine the pathophysiological mechanisms that are triggered by the absence of IKAP (inhibitor of kappa B kinase complex-associated protein) in the retina.

Summary: The loss of IKAP caused progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by 1 month of age. There was no loss of melanopsin+ intrinsically photosensitive RGCs at 18 months. RGCs were the only cell type that degenerated, with the survival of other retinal neurons unaffected.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry (IHC), RGC Counts, and H&E staining – Anti-melanopsin (1:5000).

Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)

Leanza G, Gulino R, Zorec R (2018) Noradrenergic hypothesis linking neurodegeneration-based cognitive decline and astroglia. Front Mol Neurosci 11:254. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00254

Objective: To examine noradrenergic dysfunction in AD-related cognitive decline in humans and its potential involvement in AD pathology and disease progression.

Summary: The authors discuss noradrenergic dysfunction in AD-related cognitive decline. The research focuses on animal models to allow the validation of the noradrenergic hypothesis of AD, including those based upon the Anti-DBH-SAP-mediated ablation of LC. The article also addresses how astrocytes may participate in the regulation of neurogenesis, a new strategy for preventing LC neuron loss.

Usage: DBH (–/–) knockout mice do not seem to offer the possibility to obtain partial or graded neurotransmitter depletions. In light of these limitations, the authors used Anti-DBH-SAP which is able to target noradrenergic neurons in the LC with unprecedented selectivity and efficiency. Anti-DBH-SAP was injected bilaterally into the LC.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Naves LM, Marques SM, Mourão AA, Fajemiroye JO, Xavier CH, de Castro CH, Rebelo ACS, Rosa DA, Gomes RM, Colombari E, Pedrino GR (2018) Involvement of median preoptic nucleus and medullary noradrenergic neurons in cardiovascular and sympathetic responses of hemorrhagic rats. Sci Rep 8:11276. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29310-z

Objective: To evaluate the involvement of median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and medullary noradrenergic neurons (A1 and A2) in HSS-induced cardiovascular and sympathetic responses in hemorrhagic rats.

Summary: The recovery of MAP and HSS-induced sympathoinhibition in hemorrhaged rats depend on intact neural projections from A1 and A2 to MnPO.

Usage: In order to achieve A1 and/or A2 neuronal lesions, Anti-DBH-SAP (100 nL, 0.105 ng·nL−1 ) was nanoinjected into the CVLM and NTS region, respectively. In sham groups, the equimolar of Saporin (100 nL, 0.022 ng·nL−1 ) was nanoinjected into the same site.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Dobryakova Y, Bolshakov A, Zaichenko M, Stepanichev M, Markevich V (2018) Behavioral effects of immunotoxin 192IgG-saporin depends on the type of its administration to rats. FENS 2018 Abstracts F055. Federation of European Neuroscience Societies, Berlin, Germany.

Summary: It is known that degeneration of cholinergic neurons is one of key events during development of Alzheimer’s disease. We used immunotoxin 192IgG-saporin, a conjugate of antibody to p75/NFGR receptor with saporin, to induce the cholinergic deficit in the hippocampus. Here, we compared effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intraseptal injection of 192IgG-saporin on the learning performance in rats. Immunohistochemical analysis of the ChAT stained sections showed that both types of 192IgG-saporin injection led to a strong loss ChAT-positive neurons in septal area compared to control. Behavioral testing began 3 weeks after the injection. We found that, in Morris Water Maze, i.c.v. injected rats had longer latencies to reach the platform and higher distance swam compared to control when the animals learned to find platform. We found that during probe trial, when the platform was removed from the maze, i.c.v.-treated rats spent significantly less time in a quadrant, where the platform was during training, and swam shorter distance in it, as compared to the control animals. Rats treated intraseptally with the immunotoxin had no behavioral deficits in the Morris Water Maze. In the beam walking test both groups of rats showed small but significant reduction of motor performance (p<0.05). In contrast, locomotor and exploratory activity in the open field task was affected only by intraseptal toxin administration as compared to the control. In conclusion, our data suggest that different types of immunotoxin administration leads to different disturbances in behavior. The work was supported by Grant of Russian Science Foundation No 16-15-10403.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Shin J, Kong C, Lee J, Na YC, Chang WS, Chang JW (2018) Improvements in cognitive function after focused ultrasound are associated with changes in hippocampal cholinergic activity and neurogenesis. FENS 2018 Abstracts C038. Federation of European Neuroscience Societies, Berlin, Germany.

Summary: Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease is irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disorder that destroys memory and cognitive function. Recently, focused ultrasound (FUS) has been demonstrated that FUS- mediated BBB opening induces an increase in hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rodents. In this study, we investigated the effects of FUS on memory and cognitive function after 192 IgG-saporin lesioning. Materials and Methods: The present study utilized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g). Animals were divided into the three groups: Sham group (PBS injection), Lesion group (saporin injection), FUS group (saporin + FUS treatment). Lesion groups were injected bilaterally into the lateral ventricle. Rats were sonicated by using a single-element transducer with microbubble. The acoustic parameters for each sonication are: pressure amplitude 0.3 MPa, pulse length 10 ms, burst repetition frequency 1 Hz, and a duration of 120 s. BrdU was intraperitoneally injected 2 times per day for 4 consecutive days starting 24 hours after sonication. Two weeks after IgG-saporin administration, spatial memory was tested with the Morris water maze training. Results: In the water maze test, the FUS groups were significantly increased in number of crossing and platform zone, compared to the lesion group. We confirmed that the number of BrdU+, DCX+, and NeuN+ were significantly increased in the dentate gyrus following FUS sonication, compared to the lesion groups. Conclusion: Our results suggest that FUS treatments led to spatial memory improvement in cholinergic deficits rat model. These provided evidences indicate that reason of the behavior change may be induced by increase of acetylcholine activity and neuronal plasticity.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Kruashvili L, Dashniani M, Beselia G, Chkhikvishvili N (2018) Expression of NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor and spatial long-term memory in medial septal lesioned rats. FENS 2018 Abstracts F038. Federation of European Neuroscience Societies, Berlin, Germany.

Summary: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of selective immunolesions of cholinergic and GABA- ergic SH projection neurons (using 192 IgG-saporin and GAT-1 saporin, respectively) on spatial memory assessed in water maze and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluN2B subunit expression in the rat hippocampus. Animals were tested in a standard Morris water maze. We found that immunolesion of medial septal cholinergic neurons did not affect spatial learning as exhibited by a decreased latency to find the hidden platform across the eight training trials. In contrast, rats with immunolesions of medial septal GABAergic neurons did not show a decreased latency across training trials in water maze. Trained control rats spent significantly longer than chance (15 s) performances such as swimming time in test sector (where the hidden platform was located). Moreover, they spent significantly longer in test sector than in the opposite sector, confirming the establishment of long-term memory. In contrast, the preference for test sector was abolished in medial septal immunolesioned rats. Because Saporin treated rats learned the location of the hidden platform during training, the results suggest that saporin treated rats could not remember the training a day later. We found that the expression level of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor in the hippocampus was decreased significantly in the GAT-1 treated group compared with the control and saporin treated groups. In conclusion, our findings suggest that immunolesion of medial septal GABAergic neurons can interrupt hippocampus-dependent spatial learning, possibly through modulation of NMDA receptor subunit expression in the hippocampus.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)

Rusadze K, Sakandelidze R, Chighladze M (2018) Effects of lesions of medial septal area on spatial short-term memory. FENS 2018 Abstracts F044. Federation of European Neuroscience Societies, Berlin, Germany.

Summary: In the present study electrolytic and the immunotoxins (192 IgG saporin and GAT1-SAP) lesions of medial septal area (MS) were used to investigate the importance of cholinergic and GABAergic MS neurons in spatial working memory using spatial alternation task. In our experiments electrolytic lesions destroyed on average 69% of the intact MS. Examination of the AChE stained sections showed that after injections of 192 IgG saporin into the MS, animals exhibited significantly less AChE staining in MS as compared to sections obtained from control animals. Intraseptal GAT1-SAP preferentially reduced GABAergic neurons as compared to cholinergic neurons in the MS. The results of present study indicate that spatial short-term memory is affected only by electrolytic but not 192 IgG saporin or GAT1-SAP lesions. The behavioral testing showed that 192 IgG saporin treated rats, relative to control rats, had a significantly lower level in the number of arms entered during the testing session. However, the groups did not differ in the level of alternation behavior. GAT1-SAP lesioned rats showed that the percent alternation scores and the number of arms that the rat entered in the maze were not significantly different from control rats.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)