References

Dobryakova YV, Stepanichev MY, Markevich VA, Bolshakov AP (2020) Long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA3 to CA1 synapses may be induced in vivo by activation of septal cholinergic inputs. Int J Neurosci 23:1-7. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1822834

Objective: To clarify the role of septal input in the development of long-term potentiation (LTP) in this synapse.

Summary: Elimination of septal cholinergic neurons by 192-IgG-SAP abolished LTP development in both experimental series. This suppression of LTP in animals with a cholinergic deficit was not due to loss of hippocampal neurons.

Usage: Rats received intraseptal injections of 192-IgG-SAP (1.5 μg).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Guo J, Ba X, Matsuda M, Wei P, Jiang C, Sun W, Xiao L, Xiong D, Liao X, Hao Y (2020) Oxytocin elicits itch scratching behavior via spinal GRP/GRPR system. Front Neursci 14:581977. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.581977

Objective: To investigate the spinal mechanisms underlying oxytocin-induced scratching behavior and its relationship with the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)/GRP receptor (GRPR) pathway.

Summary: Intrathecal oxytocin triggered robust, transient scratching behavior in mice via spinal oxytocin receptors expressed on GRP neurons. Ablation of GRPR⁺ neurons with Bombesin-SAP significantly reduced scratching, demonstrating that the GRP/GRPR circuit mediates oxytocin-evoked itch signaling.

Usage: Bombesin-SAP (IT-40) was administered intrathecally at 400 ng in 10 µL sterile saline to selectively ablate spinal GRPR⁺ neurons two weeks before behavioral testing.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)

Li W, Luo S, Wan C (2020) Characterization of fever and sickness behavior regulated by cytokines during infection. Behaviour 157:855-878. doi: 10.1163/1568539X-bja10028

Summary: This study reviews the characterization of fever and sickness behavior regulated by cytokines during infection.

Usage: IL-1β-saporin or unconjugated Saporin as control (icv or ip, 1.75 μg) eliminated IL-1R1-expressing cells in the hippocampus and indicated these neurons mediate the function of peripheral IL-1β induced hypophagia.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Audira G, Ngoc Anh NT, Ngoc Hieu BT, Malhotra N, Siregar P, Villalobos O, Villaflores OB, Ger TR, Huang JC, Chen KH, Hsiao CD (2020) Evaluation of the adverse effects of chronic exposure to donepezil (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) in adult zebrafish by behavioral and biochemical assessments. Biomolecules 10(9):1340. doi: 10.3390/biom10091340 PMID: 32962160

Objective: The authors use zebrafish to conduct a deeper analysis of the potential adverse effects of DPZ on the short-term memory and behaviors of normal zebrafish by performing multiple behavioral and biochemical assays.

Summary: Chronic waterborne exposure to donepezil (DPZ) can severely induce adverse effects on normal zebrafish in a dose-dependent manner.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Cutuli D et al. Neuroprotective effects of donepezil against cholinergic depletion. Alzheimers Res Ther 5(5):50, 2013.

Kiguchi N, Saika F, Fukazawa Y, Matsuzaki S, Kishioka S (2020) Critical role of GRP receptor-expressing neurons in the spinal transmission of imiquimod-induced psoriatic itch. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 40(3):287-290. doi: 10.1002/npr2.12120 PMID: 32584520

Objective: To determine whether itch-responsive GRPR⁺ neurons in the spinal dorsal horn contribute to the transmission of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic itch.

Summary: Topical IMQ induced psoriasis-like dermatitis and scratching behavior, accompanied by upregulation of GRP and GRPR mRNA in the spinal dorsal horn. Chemogenetic silencing of GRP⁺ neurons or ablation of GRPR⁺ neurons with Bombesin-SAP significantly reduced scratching, showing that the spinal GRP–GRPR pathway mediates psoriatic itch.

Usage: Bombesin-SAP (IT-40) was administered intrathecally at 250 ng in 5 µL phosphate-buffered saline to selectively ablate spinal GRPR⁺ neurons.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)

Liu X, Wang D, Wen Y, Zeng L, Li Y, Tao T, Zhao Z, Tao A (2020) Spinal GRPR and NPRA contribute to chronic itch in a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 140(9):1856-1866.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.016

Objective: The authors investigated the peripheral and spinal mechanisms responsible for prolonged itch in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) induced by squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE).

Summary: Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA) may provide effective treatments for ACD associated chronic pruritus.

Usage: A single dose of Bombesin-SAP (400 ng) and Blank-SAP (400 ng) or two doses of Nppb-SAP (BNP-SAP; 650 ng) and Blank-SAP (650 ng) were administered via intrathecal injection.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Feng X, Guo Q, Xue H, Duan X, Jin S, Wu Y (2020) Hydrogen sulfide attenuated Angiotensin II-induced sympathetic excitation in offspring of renovascular hypertensive rats. Front Pharmacol 11:565726. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.565726 PMID: 33041805

Objective: To whether sensitivity to angiotensin II (Ang II) is enhanced in offspring of renovascular hypertensive animals and whether hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can attenuate the increased response to Ang II in offspring.

Summary: Prenatal or postnatal administration of H2S attenuated AngII-induced sympathetic excitation in offspring of hypertensive rats.

Usage: Western blot (1:800)

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)

Bumanglag AV, Truckenbrod LM, Chun E, Hernandez AR, Federico QP, Maurer AP, Sloviter RS, Burke SN (2019) Featured Article: Targeted hippocampal GABA neuron ablation produces hippocampal sclerosis, epilepsy, and dissociable effects on the Morris water maze and object-place paired association tasks. Targeting Trends 20

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Chun E et al. Targeted hippocampal GABA neuron ablation by stable substance P-saporin causes hippocampal sclerosis and chronic epilepsy in rats. Epilepsia 60(5):e52-e57, 2019.

Krieger JP (2020) Intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 effects on food intake: Physiological relevance and emerging mechanisms. Peptides 131:170342. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170342 PMID: 32522585

Objective: Review of findings of GLP-1 involvement in obesity.

Summary: The most selective method of gastrointestinal vagal deafferentation to date used CCK-SAP injected into the nodose ganglia which blunts the anorexigenic effect of IP GLP-1 administration.

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)

See Also:

• Diepenbroek C et al. Validation and characterization of a novel method for selective vagal deafferentation of the gut. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 313:G342-G352, 2017.

Bolshakov AP, Stepanichev MY, Dobryakova YV, Spivak, YS, Markevich, VA (2020) Saporin from Saponaria officinalis as a tool for experimental research, modeling, and therapy in neuroscience. Toxins (Basel) 12(9):546. doi: 10.3390/toxins12090546

Summary: A review of studies where saporin-based conjugates were used to analyze cell mechanisms of sleep, general anesthesia, epilepsy, pain, and development of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.

Related Products: Targeted Toxins