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From obesity to hippocampal neurodegeneration: Pathogenesis and non-pharmacological interventions
Lee TH, Yau SY (2021) From obesity to hippocampal neurodegeneration: Pathogenesis and non-pharmacological interventions. Int J Mol Sci 22(1):201. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010201
Summary: This review provides insights into how chronic metabolic disorders, like obesity, could impair brain health and cognitive functions in later life. The authors reference the use of CCK-SAP into the nodose ganglia to impair spatial memory and contextual episodic memory.
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Obesity shapes metabolism in the tumor microenvironment to suppress anti-tumor immunity
Ringel AE, Drijvers JM, Baker GJ, Catozzi A, García-Cañaveras JC, Gassaway BM, Miller BC, Juneja VR, Nguyen TH, Joshi S, Yao CH, Yoon H, Sage PT, LaFleur MW, Trombley JD, Jacobson CA, Maliga Z, Gygi SP, Sorger PK, Rabinowitz JD, Sharpe AH, Haigis MC (2020) Obesity shapes metabolism in the tumor microenvironment to suppress anti-tumor immunity. Cell 183(7):1848-1866.e26. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.009 PMID: 33301708
Objective: To investigate how obesity shifts the metabolic landscape of the tumor microenvironment (TME) to inhibit T cell function and promote tumor growth.
Summary: High-fat diet – induced obesity impairs CD8+ T cell function in the murine TME, accelerating tumor growth.
Usage: Immunoprecipitation
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Potential roles of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway for mitochondrial protein degradation in disuse-induced soleus muscle atrophy in adult rats
Uda M, Yoshihara T, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Baba T, Yoshioka T (2020) Potential roles of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway for mitochondrial protein degradation in disuse-induced soleus muscle atrophy in adult rats. PLoS One 15(12):e0243660. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243660 PMID: 33296434
Objective: To investigate the involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the PINK1/Parkin pathway in soleus muscle atrophy induced by 14 days of hindlimb unloading (HU) in adult rats.
Summary: Excessive NO is not produced in atrophied soleus muscles despite nNOS accumulation, suggesting that excessive NO dose not mediate in soleus muscle atrophy at least after 14 days of HU.
Usage: Western blot (1:1000)
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Measuring attention in rats with a visual signal detection task: Signal intensity vs. signal duration
Holloway Z, Koburov R, Hawkey A, Levin ED (2020) Measuring attention in rats with a visual signal detection task: Signal intensity vs. signal duration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 199:173069. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173069
Summary: Drug-induced effects have been used to demonstrate the construct validity of operant attention tasks, as well as to assess the pharmacological systems that underlie cognitive processes, such as attention, short-term memory and reaction time, either by interrupting or enhancing performance.
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Extracellular levels of the sleep homeostasis mediator, adenosine, are regulated by glutamatergic neurons during wakefulness and sleep
Sun MJ, Tang Y (2020) Extracellular levels of the sleep homeostasis mediator, adenosine, are regulated by glutamatergic neurons during wakefulness and sleep. Purinergic Signal 16(4):475-476. doi: 10.1007/s11302-020-09758-3
Summary: Blanco-Centurion et al. investigated the role of cholinergic neurons in the BF by administering 192–IgG–SAP to lesion them, but surprisingly the results indicated that adenosine from cholinergic neurons in BF are not essential to sleep induction.
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Exercise is neuroprotective to motoneuron dendrites following partial motoneuron depletion via a mechanism dependent on androgen receptors at the target muscle
Chew C (2020) Exercise is neuroprotective to motoneuron dendrites following partial motoneuron depletion via a mechanism dependent on androgen receptors at the target muscle. Indiana Univ, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci Thesis.
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Differential mechanisms are required for phrenic long-term facilitation over the course of motor neuron loss following CTB-SAP intrapleural injections.
Borkowski LF, Nichols NL (2020) Differential mechanisms are required for phrenic long-term facilitation over the course of motor neuron loss following CTB-SAP intrapleural injections. Exp Neurol 334:113460. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113460
Objective: To understand the mechanism responsible for this difference in magnitude of phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF)
Summary: pLTF in 7d CTB-SAP treated rats is elicited primarily through TrkB and PI3K/Akt-dependent mechanisms, whereas BDNF and MEK/ERK-dependent mechanisms induce pLTF in 28d CTB-SAP treated rats.
Usage: Rats received bilateral intrapleural injections of CTB-SAP; 25 μg dissolved in PBS.
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Characterizing the neural substrate of reward with the use of specific brain lesions
Cromwell HC (2021) Characterizing the neural substrate of reward with the use of specific brain lesions. Fakhoury M (Ed.): The Brain Reward System. Neuromethods. 165. Humana, New York, NY doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1146-3_3
Summary: This review is focused on experimental lesions and work using the rodent model examining the neural substrates of reward processing. Saporin is listed as a neurotoxin used to target selective neuronal populations with success.
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Sox10 functions as an inducer of the direct conversion of keratinocytes into neural crest cells
Motohashi T, Kawamura N, Watanabe N, Kitagawa D, Goshima N, Kunisada T (2020) Sox10 functions as an inducer of the direct conversion of keratinocytes into neural crest cells. Stem Cells Dev 29(23):1510-1519. doi: 10.1089/scd.2020.0106 PMID: 33040687
Objective: To investigate whether Sox10 functions in the direct conversion of other somatic cells into neural crest cells (NCCs).
Summary: Results demonstrate that Sox10 functions as an inducer of direct conversion into NCCs in cooperation with the transcription factors involved in NCC generation.
Usage: Flow cytometry and cell sorting
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Structural and functional consequences of targeted hippocampal gaba neuron ablation by stable substance p-saporin in rats
Chun E (2020) Structural and functional consequences of targeted hippocampal gaba neuron ablation by stable substance p-saporin in rats. Morehouse School of Medicine Thesis.
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