References

Gavini MP, Mahmood A, Belenchia AM, Beauparlant P, Kumar SA, Ardhanari S, DeMarco VG, Pulakat L (2021) Suppression of inflammatory cardiac cytokine network in rats with untreated obesity and pre-diabetes by AT2 receptor agonist NP-6A4. Front Pharmacol 12:693167. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.693167 PMID: 34220518

Objective: To determine whether NP-6A4 (a new AT2R peptide agonist with an FDA orphan drug designation for pediatric cardiomyopathy) would mitigate cardiac damage from chronic inflammation induced by untreated obesity.

Summary: Seventeen pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines that increase during lethal cytokine storms caused by infections such as COVID-19 were among the cytokines suppressed by NP-6A4 treatment in ZO rat heart. Thus, NP-6A4 activates a novel anti-inflammatory network comprised of 21 proteins in the heart that was not reported previously. Since NP-6A4’s unique mode of action suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine network and attenuates myocardial damage, it can be an ideal adjuvant drug with other anti-glycemic, anti-hypertensive, standard-of-care drugs to protect the heart tissues from pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokine attack induced by obesity.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry, 5-micrometer heart sections

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)

Vicario N, Spitale FM, Tibullo D, Giallongo C, Amorini AM, Scandura G, Spoto G, Saab MW, D’Aprile S, Alberghina C, Mangione R, Bernstock JD, Botta C, Gulisano M, Buratti E, Leanza G, Zorec R, Vecchio M, Di Rosa M, Li Volti G, Lazzarino G, Parenti R, Gulino R (2021) Clobetasol promotes neuromuscular plasticity in mice after motoneuronal loss via sonic hedgehog signaling, immunomodulation and metabolic rebalancing. Cell Death Dis 12(7):625. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-03907-1

Summary: The focal removal of confined populations of spinal MNs by injection of CTB-SAP has proven to be useful in mimicking respiratory dysfunction, dysphagia, and focal MN loss.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

See Also:

• Lind LA et al. Tongue and hypoglossal morphology after intralingual cholera toxin B-saporin injection. Muscle Nerve 63(3):413-420, 2021.
• Gulino R et al. Neuromuscular plasticity in a mouse neurotoxic model of spinal motoneuronal loss. Int J Mol Sci 20(6):1500, 2019.
• Nichols N et al. Respiratory function after selective respiratory motor neuron death from intrapleural CTB-saporin injections. Exp Neurol 267:18-29, 2015.
• Gulino R et al. Expression of cell fate determinants and plastic changes after neurotoxic lesion of adult mice spinal cord by cholera toxin-B saporin. Eur J Neurosci 31(8):1423-1434, 2010.

Llorente-Ovejero A, Martínez-Gardeazabal J, Moreno-Rodríguez M, Lombardero L, González de San Román E, Manuel I, Giralt MT, Rodríguez-Puertas R (2021) Specific phospholipid modulation by muscarinic signaling in a rat lesion model of Alzheimer’s disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 12(12):2167-2181. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00169 PMID: 34037379

Objective: To evaluate the lipid composition and muscarinic signaling in brain areas related to cognitive processes.

Summary: Using a rat model of BFCN lesion, this study evaluated the lipid composition and muscarinic signaling in brain areas related to cognitive processes. Results suggest that the modulation of specific lipid metabolic routes could represent an alternative therapeutic strategy to potentiate cholinergic neurotransmission and preserve cell membrane integrity in AD.

Usage: 192-IgG-SAP was dissolved in aCSF under aseptic conditions to a final concentration of 130 ng/ml. aCSF or 192-IgG-SAP was bilaterally injected (1 ml/hemisphere) at a constant rate of 0.2 ml/min. to selectively eliminate BFCN in the NBM.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Llorente-ovejero A et al. Increase in cortical endocannabinoid signaling in a rat model of basal forebrain cholinergic dysfunction. Neuroscience 362:206-218, 2017.

Vikan AK, Kostas M, Haugsten EM, Selbo PK, Wesche J (2021) Efficacy and selectivity of FGF2-saporin cytosolically delivered by PCI in cells overexpressing FGFR1. Cells 10(6):1476. doi: 10.3390/cells10061476

Summary: Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have become an attractive target in cancer research and therapy due to their implication in several cancers. The authors evaluated the efficacy and selectivity of PCI of FGF2-saporin (FGF-SAP) in cells overexpressing FGFR1. The authors conclude that to prevent off-target effects of FGF-based toxins, it will be necessary to circumvent binding to HSPGs, for example by mutating the binding site of FGF2 to HSPGs.

Related Products: FGF-SAP (Cat. #IT-38)

Maejima Y, Yokota S, Shimizu M, Horita S, Kobayashi D, Hazama A, Shimomura K (2021) The deletion of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus disrupts the diurnal feeding pattern and induces hyperphagia and obesity. Nutr Metab (Lond) 18(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s12986-021-00582-z PMID: 34098999

Objective: To determine whether GLP-1 receptor-positive neurons play a role in feeding patterns and obesity.

Summary: Feeding rhythm disruption contributes to the development of obesity. GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are expressed in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) which are known to be associated with thermogenesis and circadian rhythm development. These findings suggest that GLP-1R expressing neurons in the DMH may mediate feeding termination.

Usage: Exenatide-SAP targets GLP-1R expressing cells. Injections of 0.1 μg/0.5 μl Ex4-SAP or 0.1 μg/0.5 μl Blank-SAP (control) were administered into the DMH.

Related Products: Ex4-SAP (GLP-1-SAP) (Cat. #IT-90), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Fujii T, Lee EJ, Miyachi Y, Yamasaki R, Lim YM, Iinuma K, Sakoda A, Kim KK, Kira JI (2021) Antiplexin D1 antibodies relate to small fiber neuropathy and induce neuropathic pain in animals. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 8(5):e1028. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000001028

Summary: NeP patient-derived plexin D1-IgG selectively binds to isolectin B4-positive unmyelinated C-fiber type small DRG neurons that sense mechanical pain.

See: Tarpley JW et al. The behavioral and neuroanatomical effects of IB(4)-saporin treatment in rat models of nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Brain Res 1029(1):65-76, 2004.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)

Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Vieira-Rocha MS, Quintana-Villamandos B, Monedero-Cobeta I, Prachaney P, López de Pablo AL, González MDC, Morato M, Diniz C, Arribas SM (2021) Implication of RAS in postnatal cardiac remodeling, fibrosis and dysfunction induced by fetal undernutrition. Pathophysiology 28(2):273-290. doi: 10.3390/pathophysiology28020018 PMID: 35366262

Objective: To assess if alterations in renal artery stenosis (RAS) during lactation participate in cardiac dysfunction associated with fetal undernutrition.

Summary: In rats exposed to fetal undernutrition, RAS disbalance and associated cardiac remodeling during lactation may set the basis for later heart dysfunction.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry (1:50)

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)

Iida K, Abdelhamid Ahmed AH, Nagatsuma AK, Shibutani T, Yasuda S, Kitamura M, Hattori C, Abe M, Hasegawa J, Iguchi T, Karibe T, Nakada T, Inaki K, Kamei R, Abe Y, Nomura T, Andersen JL, Santagata S, Hemming ML, George S, Doi T, Ochiai A, Demetri GD, Agatsuma T (2021) Identification and therapeutic targeting of GPR20, selectively expressed in gastrointestinal stromal tumorswith DS-6157a, a first-in-class antibody-drug conjugate. Cancer Discov 11(6):1508-1523. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-20-1434 PMID: 33579785

Objective: Introduce DS-6157a, an anti-GPR20 antibody-drug therapeutic for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).

Summary: The only approved treatments for GIST are currently tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) which can be problematic. They lead to secondary resistance mutations in KIT or PDGFRA and disease progression. The authors identified G protein-coupled receptor 20 (GPR20) as a non-tyrosine kinase target and assessed its expression in cell lines, xenografts, and clinical samples. Preclinical pharmacokinetics and safety profile support its development as a novel GIST therapy.

Usage: Internalization activity of anti-GPR20 mAbs were evaluated by using Rat-ZAP. GPR20-expressing 293T cells were plated at 2500 cells/well in 96-well plates. Cells were treated with dilutions of various anti-GPR20 and 500 ng/ml of Rat-ZAP for 3 days. The percentage of living cells were measured using a CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay.

Related Products: Rat-ZAP (Cat. #IT-26)

Taxini CL, Marques DA, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH (2021) A5 noradrenergic neurons and breathing control in neonate rats. Pflugers Arch 473(6):859-872. doi: 10.1007/s00424-021-02550-1

Summary: In this study, the authors investigated the participation of A5 noradrenergic neurons in neonates (P7-8 and P14-15) in the control of ventilation during hypoxia and hypercapnia. data suggest that noradrenergic neurons of the A5 region in neonate rats do not participate in the control of ventilation under baseline and hypercapnic conditions, but exert an inhibitory modulation on breathing variability under hypoxic challenge in early life (P7-8).

Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP (420 ng/μL) or saporin (SAP, control) was injected into the A5 region of neonatal male Wistar rats.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Yuan H, Hu H, Chen R, Mu W, Wang L, Li Y, Chen Y, Ding X, Xi Y, Mao S, Jiang M, Chen J, He Y, Wang L, Dong Y, Tou J, Chen W (2021) Premigratory neural crest stem cells generate enteric neurons populating the mouse colon and regulating peristalsis in tissue-engineered intestine. Stem Cells Transl Med 10(6):922-938. doi: 10.1002/sctm.20-0469 PMID: 33481357

Objective: To determine whether premigratory NCSCs (pNCSCs) could form enteric neurons and mediate the motility.

Summary: The results show that the pNCSCs that were previously assumed to not be induced by intestinal environment or cues can innervate the intestine and establish neuron-dependent motility.

Usage: Immunochemistry (1:200)

Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N01)