References

Sanna F, Bratzu J, Angioni L, Pina Sorighe M, Cocco C, Argiolas A, Melis MR (2021) Oxytocin-conjugated saporin injected into the substantia nigra of male rats alters the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: A behavioral and neurochemical study. Brain Res 1773:147705. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147705 PMID: 34744015

Objective: To investigate the effects of Oxytocin-SAP in the substantia nigra of male rats, and assess its impact on nigral Tyrosine Hydroxylase-immunoreactivity, dopamine content, locomotor activity, rotational turning, and striatal dopamine function.

Summary: Researchers investigated the effects of injecting oxytocin-conjugated Saporin into the substantia nigra of male rats. They found that this treatment led to changes in the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, as evidenced by alterations in behavior and neurochemical markers associated with dopamine function.

Usage: Oxytocin-SAP (60 ng/μl and 120 ng/μl) was injected unilaterally into the substantia nigra of male rats, respectively, compared to Blank-SAP.

Related Products: Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Thorsdottir DJ (2021) The role of BDNF-mediated neuroplasticity in cardiovascular regulation within the hypothalamus and brainstem. Univ Vermont, Dept Pharmacology 1387Thesis.

Summary: This PhD dissertation to determine the mechanism behind BDNF-mediated cardiovascular regulation.

Usage: Rats received bilateral NTS injections of vehicle or Anti-DBH-SAP, which selectively lesions catecholaminergic neurons. Treatment increased blood pressure in the GFP group but failed to affect blood pressure in the BDNF group.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Persaud SP, Ritchey JK, Kim S, Lim S, Ruminski PG, Cooper ML, Rettig MP, Choi J, DiPersio JF (2021) Antibody-drug conjugates plus Janus kinase inhibitors enable MHC-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Invest 131(24):e145501. doi: 10.1172/JCI145501

Objective: To demonstrate that biotinylated anti-CD45-SAP or anti-cKit-SAP mixed with Streptavidin-Saporin along with Janus kinase 1/2, enables alloengraftment on murine allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) models.

Summary: HSCT has therapeutic potential. However, the transplantation requires first depletion and secondly, for allogeneic-HCST, host and immune responses need to be controlled to prevent graft rejection. The allo-HSCT conditioning strategy exemplifies the promise of immunotherapy to improve the safety of HSCT for treating hematologic diseases.

Usage: Antibodies were incubated with Streptavidin-ZAP (1:1 molar ratio) for 15 minutes at 20°C and . The doses of CD45.2 and cKit conjugates were injected retroorbitally (41.8 μg and 33.2 μg, respectively).

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Li Y, Hollis E (2021) Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons selectively drive coordinated motor learning in mice. J Neurosci 41(49):10148-10160. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1152-21.2021 PMID: 34750228

Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N01AP), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Joshi BS, Ortiz D, Zuhorn IS (2021) Converting extracellular vesicles into nanomedicine: loading and unloading of cargo. Materials Today Nano 16:100148. doi: 10.1016/j.mtnano.2021.100148

Objective: To provide a comprehensive overview of (i) methods for the loading of EVs with therapeutic cargo, (ii) methods for EV surface functionalization to direct EVs to target cells, and (iii) methods to stimulate cargo release from EVs.

Summary: Development of methodologies to offload the natural cargo of EVs and substitute it for a cargo of interest, i.e., similar to the generation of empty viral capsids, may further aid in higher loading efficiency and enhanced therapeutic effects with improved safety.

Usage: Saporin, a small (30 kDa) ribosome-inactivating protein that induces cytotoxicity by inhibiting protein synthesis,was successfully loaded into EVs by electroporation.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Nakase I Intracellular delivery methods using biofunctional peptide-modified extracellular vesicles. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids 1:44, 2020. American Society for Exosomes and Microvesicles 2020 Annual Meeting

Bortz J, Klatt KC, Wallace TC (2021) Perspective: Estrogen and the risk of cognitive decline: a missing choline(rgic) link?. Adv Nutr 13(2):376-387. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab145

Objective: Explore the relationship between cognitive aging and sex hormones, the cholinergic system, and choline as an essential nutrient.

Summary: This perspective identifies numerous areas for future preclinical and clinical research, highlighting the need for randomized controlled trials in postmenopausal women to assess the impact of choline supplementation on cognitive decline, with appropriate consideration of the estrogen availability, critical windows, dose, and PEMT genotype.

Usage: The authors reference a publication about the effects of estrogen on cognitive improvements where 192-IgG-SAP was used as a specific cholinergic system lesioning tool.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Gibbs RB Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are necessary for estrogen to enhance acquisition of a delayed matching-to-position T-maze task. Horm Behav 42(3):245-257, 2002.
• Gibbs RB et al. Donepezil plus estradiol treatment enhances learning and delay-dependent memory performance by young ovariectomized rats with partial loss of septal cholinergic neurons. Horm Behav 59(4):503-511, 2011.

Kunimura K, Fukui Y (2021) The molecular basis for IL-31 production and IL-31-mediated itch transmission: from biology to drug development. Int Immunol 33(12):731-736. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxab065

Objective: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of how IL-31 is produced in helper T cells upon stimulation and transmits the itch sensation to the brain.

Summary: This review highlights recent findings that show the functional significance of endothelial PAS domain 1 (EPAS1) and neurokinin B (NKB) in the IL-31-induced itch sensation.

Usage: Neurons expressing the Nppb receptor were specifically ablated by intrathecal injection of Nppb-SAP. Treatment with Bombesin-SAP reduced IL-31-induced scratching.

See: Sakata D et al. Selective role of neurokinin B in IL-31–induced itch response in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 144(4):1130-1133, 2019.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)

Wu B, Zhao TV, Jin K, Hu Z, Abdel MP, Warrington KJ, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM (2021) Mitochondrial aspartate regulates TNF biogenesis and autoimmune tissue inflammation. Nat Immunol 22(12):1551-1562. doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-01065-2

Objective: To identify a deficiency of mitochondrial aspartate production as a key abnormality in autoimmune T cells.

Summary: Shortage of mitochondrial aspartate disrupted the regeneration of the metabolic cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), causing ADP-deribosylation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sensor GRP78/BiP. Transfer of intact mitochondria into T cells as well as supplementation of exogenous aspartate rescued the mitochondria-instructed expansion of ER membranes and suppressed TNF release and rheumatoid tissue inflammation.

Usage: Immunofluorescence (Permeabilization by 0.5% Saporin)

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Vana V, Laerke MK, Rehfeld JF, Arnold M, Dmytriyeva O, Langhans W, Schwartz TW, Hansen HS (2022) Vagal afferent cholecystokinin receptor activation is required for glucagon-like peptide-1-induced satiation. Diabetes Obes Metab 24(2):268-280. doi: 10.1111/dom.14575

Objective: To investigate the effect of peripheral GLP-1 on food-intake control.

Summary: Endogenous CCK interacts with GLP-1 to promote satiation and that activation of the FFA1 receptor can initiate this interaction by stimulating the release of CCK.

Usage: Utilized CCK-SAP to selectively ablate the CCK receptor-expressing gastrointestinal vagal afferent neurones (VANs).

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)

Kim HS, Kim HY (2022) Hypertensive effects of transforming growth factor-β1 in vascular smooth muscles cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats are mediated by sulfatase 2. Cytokine 150:155754. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155754 PMID: 34808537

Objective: To examine the role of extracellular sulfatases on TGF-β1-induced effects associated with the expression of mediators related to hypertension in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

Summary: The hypertensive effects of TGF-β1 through the AT1 R pathway were mainly dependent on Sulf2 activity in SHR VSMCs. Taken together, these results suggest that Sulf2, but not Sulf1, plays a major role in mediating the increased effects of TGF-β1 in hypertensive VSMCs.

Usage: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)